Publications des membres du Ceped

2021



  • Fillol Amandine, Gautier Lara et Ridde Valéry (2021) « L’avènement de la couverture sanitaire universelle dans la gouvernance globale: », Revue internationale des études du développement, 247 (3) (novembre 10), p. 139-172. DOI : 10.3917/ried.247.0139. https://www.cairn.info/revue-internationale-des-etudes-du-developpement-2021-3-page-139.htm?ref=doi.


  • Fillol Amandine, Ridde Valéry, Dumont Alexandre et Martin-Prevel Yves (2021) « Créer une communauté de pratique sur la recherche interventionnelle en santé mondiale: », Santé Publique, Vol. 33 (1) (juin 24), p. 127-136. DOI : 10.3917/spub.211.0127. https://www.cairn.info/revue-sante-publique-2021-1-page-127.htm?ref=doi.
    Résumé : Introduction : Dans le milieu francophone, mais surtout en France, la recherche interventionnelle en santé mondiale est encore peu développée de façon institutionnelle. L’institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD) est l’un des principaux acteurs publics en recherche en santé mondiale en France. Au sein de cet institut, les chercheurs publient et communiquent peu sur la recherche interventionnelle malgré le fait qu’ils en font au quotidien. C’est pourquoi, depuis quelques années, le département Santé et Sociétés de l’IRD cherche à institutionnaliser un réseau des acteurs de l’IRD en recherche interventionnelle en santé des populations. Objectif : L’objectif de cet article est d’analyser les besoins des acteurs de santé mondiale et les éléments qui permettraient de construire une communauté de pratique pour ainsi amorcer un ancrage institutionnel de la recherche interventionnelle en santé mondiale à travers la mobilisation des acteurs à l’IRD. Méthode : Une recherche qualitative a été réalisée en 2017 avec notamment la réalisation d’entretiens individuels et collectifs. Les résultats permettent d’observer : i) une définition de la RISP qui se différencie selon les participants, ii) une nécessité d’augmenter les interactions formelles et informelles pour répondre au besoin de se former et de développer le partage d’expérience, de renforcer les opportunités de rencontres et de liens interpersonnels, d’augmenter la communication et la visibilité des actions mises en œuvre), iii) une volonté des participants de progresser ensemble pour pallier certains défis inhérents à la santé mondiale tels que l’interdisciplinarité, les partenariats Nord-Sud, ou la communication avec les différents publics. Conclusion : Faire de la recherche interventionnelle en santé des populations nécessite une certaine remise en question des manières de faire de la recherche et implique donc des changements importants dans le quotidien des chercheurs. Il est indispensable d’avoir un support institutionnel pour les développer, telle que la communauté de pratique. Toutefois, l’inexistence de cette communauté de pratique trois ans après montre les défis d’opérationnalisation et de mise en œuvre d’une telle initiative.


  • Gosselin Anne, Melchior Maria, Carillon Séverine, Gubert Flore, Ridde Valéry, Kohou Veroska, Zoumenou Iris, Senne Jean-Noël et Desgrées du Loû Annabel (2021) « Deterioration of mental health and insufficient Covid-19 information among disadvantaged immigrants in the greater Paris area », Journal of Psychosomatic Research (avril 30), p. 110504. DOI : 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110504. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022399921001495.
    Résumé : Objectives The aim of this study is to provide information on changes in mental health among disadvantaged immigrants from Sub-Saharan Africa in the Greater Paris area and their level of information about Covid-19. Methods Prior to the Covid-19 epidemic, the Makasi community-based cohort followed 850 immigrants from sub-Saharan Africa in the Greater Paris area. Between the 1st of April and the 7th of June 2020, all participants scheduled for a follow-up survey were systematically included into an additional COVID-19-related wave of data collection (N = 100). We compared participants' type of housing, level of food insecurity, work and mental health (PHQ9) before and during the first COVID-19-related lockdown, using paired-Mc Nemar chi-2 tests. We next described their level of information on Covid-19 and policy measures, broken down by sex. Results Among the 100 participants, 68% had no legal residence permit. Food insecurity was more often reported during lockdown than before (62% vs 52%). 9% of participants had a score indicative of severe depression (PHQ9) before lockdown and 17% afterwards (p = 0.17). Only 51% knew about the possibility of asymptomatic transmission of the COVID-19 virus. Conclusions This study brings original information on a hard-to-reach population group. Our results suggest that the lockdown had a detrimental impact on various economic and mental health aspects among disadvantaged migrants residing in the Greater Paris area.
    Mots-clés : Covid-19, Immigrants, Lockdown/containment, Mental health, Social epidemiology.


  • Hane Fatoumata et Ridde Valéry (2021) « La place des citoyen.n.es dans la santé publique en Afrique : entre volontariat et professionnalisme: », Santé Publique, 33 (4) (novembre 22), p. 471-472. DOI : 10.3917/spub.214.0471. https://www.cairn.info/revue-sante-publique-2021-4-page-471.htm?ref=doi.


  • Jones Catherine M, Gautier Lara et Ridde Valéry (2021) « A scoping review of theories and conceptual frameworks used to analyse health financing policy processes in sub-Saharan Africa », Health Policy and Planning (mai 24), p. czaa173. DOI : 10.1093/heapol/czaa173. https://academic.oup.com/heapol/advance-article/doi/10.1093/heapol/czaa173/6283520.
    Résumé : Health financing policies are critical policy instruments to achieve Universal Health Coverage, and they constitute a key area in policy analysis literature for the health policy and systems research (HPSR) field. Previous reviews have shown that analyses of policy change in low- and middle-income countries are under-theorised. This study aims to explore which theories and conceptual frameworks have been used in research on policy processes of health financing policy in sub-Saharan Africa and to identify challenges and lessons learned from their use. We conducted a scoping review of literature published in English and French between 2000 and 2017. We analysed 23 papers selected as studies of health financing policies in sub-Saharan African countries using policy process or health policy-related theory or conceptual framework ex ante. Theories and frameworks used alone were from political science (35%), economics (9%) and HPSR field (17%). Thirty-five per cent of authors adopted a ‘do-it-yourself’ (bricolage) approach combining theories and frameworks from within political science or between political science and HPSR. Kingdon’s multiple streams theory (22%), Grindle and Thomas’ arenas of conflict (26%) and Walt and Gilson’s policy triangle (30%) were the most used. Authors select theories for their empirical relevance, methodological rational (e.g. comparison), availability of examples in literature, accessibility and consensus. Authors cite few operational and analytical challenges in using theory. The hybridisation, diversification and expansion of mid-range policy theories and conceptual frameworks used deductively in health financing policy reform research are issues for HPSR to consider. We make three recommendations for researchers in the HPSR field. Future research on health financing policy change processes in sub-Saharan Africa should include reflection on learning and challenges for using policy theories and frameworks in the context of HPSR.


  • Lim Jacqueline K., Carabali Mabel, Edwards Tansy, Barro Ahmed, Lee Jung-Seok, Dahourou Desire, Lee Kang Sung, Nikiema Teguewende, Shin Mee Young, Bonnet Emmanuel, Kagone Therese, Kaba Losseni, Namkung Suk, Somé Paul-André, Yang Jae Seung, Ridde Valery, Yoon In-Kyu, Alexander Neal et Seydou Yaro (2021) « Estimating the Force of Infection for Dengue Virus Using Repeated Serosurveys, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso », Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27 (01) (janvier), p. 130-139. DOI : 10.3201/eid2701.191650. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/27/01/19-1650_article.htm.
    Résumé : Because of limited data on dengue virus in Burkina Faso, we conducted 4 consecutive age-stratified longitudinal serologic surveys, ≈6 months apart, among persons 1–55 years of age, during June 2015–March 2017, which included a 2016 outbreak. The seroconversion rate before the serosurvey enrollment was estimated by binomial regression, taking age as the duration of exposure, and assuming constant force of infection (FOI) over age and calendar time. We calculated FOI between consecutive surveys and rate ratios for potentially associated characteristics based on seroconversion using the duration of intervals. Among 2,897 persons at enrollment, 66.3% were IgG-positive, and estimated annual FOI was 5.95%. Of 1,269 enrollees participating in all 4 serosurveys, 438 were IgG-negative at enrollment. The annualized FOI ranged from 10% to 20% (during the 2016 outbreak). Overall, we observed high FOI for dengue. These results could support decision-making about control and preventive measures for dengue.


  • Louart Sarah, Bonnet Emmanuel, Kadio Kadidiatou et Ridde Valéry (2021) « How could patient navigation help promote health equity in sub-Saharan Africa? A qualitative study among public health experts », Global Health Promotion, 28 (1_suppl) (mars), p. 75-85. DOI : 10.1177/1757975920980723. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1757975920980723.
    Résumé : The indigents have long been excluded from health policies in sub-Saharan Africa. Despite recent efforts by some countries to allow them free access to health services, they face a multitude of non-financial barriers that prevent them from accessing care. Interventions to address the multiple patient-level barriers to care, such as patient navigation interventions, could help reverse this trend. However, our scoping review showed that no navigation interventions in low-income countries targeted the indigents. The objective of this qualitative study is, therefore, to go beyond the lack of evidence and discuss relevant approaches to act in favor of health care equity. We interviewed 22 public health experts with the objective of finding out which actions related to patient navigation programs (identified in the scoping review for other target groups) could be relevant and/or adapted for the indigents. For each ability to access care described by Levesque and colleagues, we were thus able to list the potential opportunities and challenges of implementing each type of action for the indigents in sub-Saharan Africa. Overall, the experts all felt that patient navigation programs were very relevant to implement for the indigents. They emphasized the need for personalized follow-up and for holistic actions to consider the whole context of the situation of indigence. The recommendations made by the experts are valuable in guiding political decision-making, while leaving room for adaptation of the proposed guidelines according to different contexts.


  • Manoufi D., Kabore W.C., Yahannon C.N., Dumont Alexandre et Ridde Valery (2021) « Amélioration de l’offre et de la demande de soins de santé maternelle et infantile au Tchad : une étude quasi-expérimentale », Revue d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (mai), p. S0398762021002157. DOI : 10.1016/j.respe.2021.04.137. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0398762021002157.


  • Martin-Fernandez Judith, Aromatario Olivier, Prigent Ollivier, Porcherie Marion, Ridde Valéry et Cambon Linda (2021) « Evaluation of a knowledge translation strategy to improve policymaking and practices in health promotion and disease prevention setting in French regions: TC-REG, a realist study », BMJ Open, 11 (9), p. e045936. DOI : 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045936. https://bmjopen.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045936.
    Résumé : Objective This paper presents the results of a realist evaluation of a knowledge translation (KT) intervention implemented in the field of health promotion and disease prevention at the local level in France. Design Realist evaluation study. Setting The target population comprised decision-makers and field professionals working in prevention and public health services operating in regions of France (ie, ARS (Agence Régionale de Santé: regional health agency), IREPS (Instance Régionale d'Education et de Promotion de la Santé pour tous: regional organisation for health promotion and education) and their partners). Participants This evaluation was based on data collected from 2 seminars, 82 interviews, 18 observations and 4 focus groups over 18 months. Intervention The TC-REG intervention aimed to increase the use of evidence in cancer prevention, health promotion and disease prevention across four geographical regions in France. The intervention combined various activities: Supporting access to and adaptation of usable evidence, strengthening professionals’ skills in analysing, adopting and using policy briefs, and facilitating the use of evidence in organisations and processes. Results The collected data was used to define favourable/unfavourable contexts for the use of scientific data and mechanisms to be activated to encourage the use of scientific knowledge. From these raw results eight final refined middle-range theories were defined. Organised around the mechanisms to be activated, these middle-range theories illustrate how to activate knowledge and under what conditions. These analyses provided a basis for the production of seven operational and contextualised recommendations to develop KT to inform regional policymaking regarding health promotion and disease prevention. Conclusion The results obtained from the analyses led us to formulate two perspectives of an operational nature for the benefit of those involved in prevention and health promotion.


  • Mathevet Isadora, Ost Katarina, Traverson Lola, Zinszer Kate et Ridde Valéry (2021) « Accounting for health inequities in the design of contact tracing interventions: a rapid review », International Journal of Infectious Diseases (mars 11), p. S1201971221002277. DOI : 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.03.010. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1201971221002277.
    Résumé : Context Contact tracing has been a central COVID-19 transmission control measure. However, without the consideration of the needs of specific populations, public health interventions can exacerbate health inequities. Purpose The purpose of this rapid review was to determine if and how health inequities were included in the design of contact tracing interventions in epidemic settings. Method We conducted a search of the electronic databases MEDLINE and Web of Science. Our inclusion criteria included articles that: (i) described the design of contact tracing interventions, (ii) have been published between 2013 and 2020 in English, French, Spanish, Chinese, or Portuguese, (iii) and included at least 50% of empiricism, according to the Automated Classifier of Texts on Scientific Studies (ATCER) tool. We relied on various tools to extract data. Result Following the titles and abstracts screening of 230 articles, 39 articles met the inclusion criteria. Only seven references were retained after full text review. None of the selected studies considered health inequities in the design of contact tracing interventions. Conclusion The use of tools/concepts for incorporating health inequities, such as the REFLEX-ISS tool, and “proportionate universalism” when designing contact tracing interventions, would enable practitioners, decision makers, and researchers to better consider health inequities.


  • Niangaly Hamidou, Ridde Valéry et Thuilliez Josselin (2021) « Introduction : repenser la santé en Afrique à l’aune de la crise sanitaire: », Revue internationale des études du développement, N° 247 (3) (novembre 10), p. 7-33. DOI : 10.3917/ried.247.0007. https://www.cairn.info/revue-internationale-des-etudes-du-developpement-2021-3-page-7.htm?ref=doi.


  • Ost Katarina, Duquesne Louise, Duguay Claudia, Traverson Lola, Mathevet Isadora, Ridde Valéry et Zinszer Kate (2021) « A rapid review of equity considerations in large-scale testing campaigns during infectious disease epidemics », medRxiv. DOI : 10.1101/2021.02.22.21252205. https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.22.21252205v1.
    Résumé : Large-scale testing is an intervention that is instrumental for infectious disease control and a central tool for the COVID-19 pandemic. Our rapid review aimed to identify if and how equity has been considered in large-scale testing initiatives. Methods: We searched Web of Science and PubMed in November 2020 and followed PRISMA recommendations for scoping reviews. Articles were analyzed using descriptive and thematic analysis. Results: Our search resulted in 291 studies of which 41 were included for data extraction after full article screening. Most of the included articles (83%) reported on HIV-related screening programs, while the remaining programs focused on other sexually transmitted infections (n=3) or COVID-19 (n=4). None of the studies presented a formal definition of (in)equity in testing, however, 23 articles did indirectly include elements of equity in the program or intervention design, largely through the justification of their target population. Conclusion: The studies included in our rapid review did not explicitly consider equity in their design or evaluation. It is imperative that equity is incorporated into the design of infectious disease testing programs and serves as an important reminder of how equity considerations are needed for SARS-CoV-2 testing and vaccination programs.</p>


  • Ouedraogo Wendkouni A. S., Biau Sandrine, Bonnet Emmanuel et Ridde Valéry (2021) « Telephones in public health policy processes in sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review », Journal of Global Health Reports (juillet 21). DOI : 10.29392/001c.24167. https://www.joghr.org/article/24167-telephones-in-public-health-policy-processes-in-sub-saharan-africa-a-scoping-review.
    Résumé : Background The telephone is being put to work in the quest for universal health coverage in sub-Saharan Africa. Multiple mobile health pilot projects are being deployed. The use of mobile technologies including citizens in the formulation, analysis, and revision of public health policies in sub-Saharan Africa is recent. This citizen m-participation could influence the democratic engagement of citizens and leaders in the planning, budgeting, and transparency of local governance processes of health systems. Methods We conducted a scoping review. A total of 995 papers were initially identified, 37 documents were finally included in the final synthesis after a review of the abstract and full text by two researchers. Results Despite multiple challenges, the social, technological, and instrumental feasibility of citizen m-participation in health decision-making processes is real. The documents highlight the contribution of m-Citizen Participation to the ongoing construction of a robust health democracy. However, government commitment and leadership for this innovation remain weak. This slows down the processes of inclusion and empowerment of patients on their health needs. Conclusions Evidence suggests that citizen m-participation is relevant to the inclusion of citizens in health decision-making processes. However, research is limited. We recommend participatory action research mechanisms focused on citizen inclusion in health decision-making processes in sub-Saharan Africa to expand the knowledge base on this innovation.


  • Paul Elisabeth, Bodson Oriane et Ridde Valéry (2021) « What theories underpin performance-based financing? A scoping review », Journal of Health Organization and Management, ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) (janvier 20). DOI : 10.1108/JHOM-04-2020-0161. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JHOM-04-2020-0161/full/html.
    Résumé : Purpose The study aims to explore the theoretical bases justifying the use of performance-based financing (PBF) in the health sector in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted a scoping review of the literature on PBF so as to identify the theories utilized to underpin it and analyzed its theoretical justifications. Findings Sixty-four studies met the inclusion criteria. Economic theories were predominant, with the principal-agent theory being the most commonly-used theory, explicitly referred to by two-thirds of included studies. Psychological theories were also common, with a wide array of motivation theories. Other disciplines in the form of management or organizational science, political and social science and systems approaches also contributed. However, some of the theories referred to contradicted each other. Many of the studies included only casually alluded to one or more theories, and very few used these theories to justify or support PBF. No theory emerged as a dominant, consistent and credible justification of PBF, perhaps except for the principal-agent theory, which was often inappropriately applied in the included studies, and when it included additional assumptions reflecting the contexts of the health sector in LMICs, might actually warn against adopting PBF. Practical implications Overall, this review has not been able to identify a comprehensive, credible, consistent, theoretical justification for using PBF rather than alternative approaches to health system reforms and healthcare providers' motivation in LMICs. Originality/value The theoretical justifications of PBF in the health sector in LMICs are under-documented. This review is the first of this kind and should encourage further debate and theoretical exploration of the justifications of PBF.


  • Paul Elisabeth, Brown Garrett W., Kalk Andreas et Ridde Valéry (2021) « Playing vaccine roulette: Why the current strategy of staking everything on Covid-19 vaccines is a high-stakes wager », Vaccine (juillet), p. S0264410X21009233. DOI : 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.07.045. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0264410X21009233.


  • Paul Elisabeth, Brown Garrett, Dechamps Mélanie, Kalk Andreas, Laterre Pierre-François, Rentier Bernard, Ridde Valéry et Zizi Martin (2021) « COVID-19: an ‘extraterrestrial’ disease? », International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 110 (septembre 1), p. 155. DOI : 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.07.051. https://hal.science/hal-03485589.
    Résumé : Background - Since the beginning of the pandemic, COVID-19 has been regarded as an exceptional disease. Control measures have exclusively focused on ‘the virus’, while failing to account for other biological and social factors that determine severe forms of the disease. Aim- We argue that although COVID-19 was initially considered a new challenge, justifying extraordinary response measures, this situation has changed — and so should our response. Main arguments- We now know that COVID-19 shares many features of common infectious respiratory diseases, and can now ascertain that SARS-CoV-2 has not suddenly presented new problems. Instead, it has exposed and exacerbated existing problems in health systems and the underlying health of the population. COVID-19 is evidently not an ‘extraterrestrial’ disease. It is a complex zoonotic disease, and it needs to be managed as such, following long-proven principles of medicine and public health. Conclusion - A complex disease cannot be solved through a simple, magic-bullet cure or vaccine. The heterogeneity of population profiles susceptible to developing a severe form of COVID-19 suggests the need to adopt varying, targeted measures that are able to address risk profiles in an appropriate way. The critical role of comorbidities in disease severity calls for short-term, virus-targeted interventions to be complemented with medium-term policies aimed at reducing the burden of comorbidities, as well as mitigating the risk of transition from infection to disease. Strategies required include upstream prevention, early treatment, and consolidation of the health system.
    Pièce jointe Texte intégral 353.2 kio (source)


  • Pérez Dennis, Robert Emilie, Pérez Elsury J., Vanlerberghe Veerle, Lefèvre Pierre et Ridde Valéry (2021) « A Realist Synthesis of Community-Based Interventions in Vector-Borne Diseases », The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (mars 1). DOI : 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0944. https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/aop/article-10.4269-ajtmh.20-0944/article-10.4269-ajtmh.20-0944.xml.
    Résumé : Randomized control trials have provided evidence that some community-based interventions (CBIs) work in vector-borne diseases (VBDs). Conversely, there is limited evidence on how well those CBIs succeed in producing specific outcomes in different contexts. To conduct a realist synthesis for knowledge translation on this topic, we examined the extent to which realist concepts (context, mechanisms, and outcomes) and their relationships are present in the existing literature on CBIs for VBDs. Articles on CBIs were identified from prior scoping reviews of health interventions for VBDs. Content of the articles was extracted verbatim if it referred either to realist concepts or CBI features. The number of articles and the average number of words extracted per category per CBI were quantified. Content of the articles was scrutinized to inductively gather qualitative evidence on the interactions between realist concepts. We reviewed 41 articles on 17 CBIs from 12 countries. The average number of words used for mechanisms was much lower than those used for outcomes and context (309,474, and 836, respectively). The average number of words used for mechanisms increased when a CBI was described in three or more articles. There were more extensive accounts on CBI features than on mechanisms. It was difficult to gather evidence on the interactions among realist concepts from the content of the articles. Scarce reporting on mechanisms in published articles limits conducting a realist synthesis of CBIs in VBDs. More transdisciplinary research that goes beyond the biomedical paradigm is needed to boost the development of intervention mechanisms in this field.


  • Petitfour Laurène, Bonnet Emmanuel, Mathevet Isadora, Nikiema Aude et Ridde Valéry (2021) « Out-of-pocket payments and catastrophic expenditures due to traffic injuries in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso », Health Economics Review, 11 (1), p. 46. DOI : 10.1186/s13561-021-00344-w. https://healtheconomicsreview.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13561-021-00344-w.
    Résumé : Abstract Objective To estimate the out-of-pocket expenditures linked to Road Traffic Injuries in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, as well as the prevalence of catastrophic expenditures among those out-of-pocket payments, and to identify the socio-economic determinants of catastrophic expenditures due to Road Traffic Injuries. Methods We surveyed every admission at the only trauma unit of Ouagadougou between January and July 2015 at the time of their admission, 7 days and 30 days later. We estimate a total amount of out-of-pocket expenditures paid by each patient. We considered an expense as catastrophic when it represented 10% at least of the annual global consumption of the patient’s household. We used linear models to determine if socio-economic characteristics were associated to a greater or smaller ratio between out-of-pocket payment and global annual consumption. Findings We surveyed 1323 Road injury victims three times (admission, Days 7 and 30). They paid in average 46,547 FCFA (83.64 US dollars) for their care, which represent a catastrophic expenditure for 19% of them. Less than 5% of the sample was covered by a health insurance scheme. Household economic status is found to be the first determinant of catastrophic health expenditure occurrence, exhibiting a significant and negative on the ratio between road injury expenditures and global consumption. Conclusion Our findings highlight the importance of developing health insurance schemes to protect poor households from the economic burden of road traffic injuries and improve equity in front of health shocks.
  • Pierce L, Zahreddine C, Abreu K, Dantas M. A., Caprara A, Ridde Valéry et Zinszer K (2021) « Dengue knowledge, attitudes, and practices : baseline data from the COESA study », AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE, 105 (5) (novembre), p. 326-326.


  • Ravalihasy Andrainolo, Rude Nathalie, Yazdanpanah Yazdan, Kardas-Sloma Lidia, Desgrées du Loû Annabel, Gosselin Anne et Ridde Valéry (2021) « Development and Validation of an HIV/AIDS Empowerment Scale for Impact Intervention Evaluation. An Example from the MAKASI Intervention », American Journal of Health Education (août 6), p. 1-11. DOI : 10.1080/19325037.2021.1955230. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19325037.2021.1955230.
    Résumé : Background The MAKASI intervention aimed to empower sub-Saharan immigrants living in the Paris metropolitan area regarding sexual health and reduce their HIV exposure. The intervention was developed based upon a theoretical model of individual empowerment. Purpose A scale was developed using sixteen 4-point Likert items adapted from existing tools to measure HIV/AIDS empowerment as an intervention outcome. This study describes the psychometric validation of this scale. Methods Data from 433 participants were used. Construct validity and internal consistency were assessed using factor analysis and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (α). The scale’s predictive validity for health and social outcomes was assessed using bivariable logistic regressions. Results Five dimensions were identified: i) sexual communication; ii) perceived control at the individual level; iii) knowledge of HIV treatment and social resources; iv) ability to find and understand healthcare information; and v) ability to understand and use disease prevention messages. The internal consistency (α = 0.71) and predictive validity (p < .05) were satisfactory.

  • Ridde Valéry (2021) « Researchers and humanitarian actors: moving from mistrust to efficiency », Humanitarian Alternatives, 17, p. 1-9. https://alternatives-humanitaires.org/en/2021/07/19/researchers-and-humanitarian-actors-moving-from- mistrust-to-efficiency/.

  • Ridde Valery (2021) « L’épidémie de choléra en Haïti : histoire d’un fiasco des Nations Unies et de la persévérance d’un (collectif) chercheur français », Médecine Tropicale et Santé Internationale - magazine, 1 (février 19). http://revuemtsi.societe-mtsi.fr/index.php/bspe-mag/article/view/53.
    Résumé : Alors que la pandémie de Covid-19 fait des ravages dans le monde, il est certainement utile de prendre un peu de recul épidémiologique. La lecture de l’ouvrage de Renaud Piarroux concernant son expérience de lutte contre l’épidémie de choléra en Haïti entre 2010 et 2018 est riche d’enseignements. Il montre le fiasco et les errances du système des Nations Unies et de certains de ses cadres mais aussi la vision étriquée des diplomates et des responsables de la santé mondiale française. Mais l’ouvrage est aussi précieux pour comprendre le fonctionnement académique de la santé publique mondiale, à l’image du désastre contemporain covidien : une santé publique biomédicale, orientée vers certaines maladies en particulier, sans vision interdisciplinaire et avec son lot de dérives, d’abus et de clientélisme scientifique. Les étudiant.es et les jeunes chercheur.es devraient pouvoir se saisir de cette analyse pour faire évoluer la situation…en espérant qu’on leur donne de la place.
    Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.


  • Ridde Valéry, ss la dir. de (2021) Une couverture sanitaire universelle en 2030 ? Réformes en Afrique subsaharienne, Québec, Canada : ESBC (Éditions science et bien commun), 950 p. ISBN : 978-2-925128-08-3. https://scienceetbiencommun.pressbooks.pub/cus/.
    Résumé : Cet ouvrage collectif, sous la direction de Valéry Ridde, rassemble les connaissances scientifiques les plus récentes sur les réformes du financement de la santé en Afrique subsaharienne, que ce soit à propos des politiques de gratuité, des financements basés sur les résultats ou des mutuelles de santé. Outre l’origine et le contenu de ces différentes politiques, les textes analysent les défis de leur mise en œuvre, mais aussi leurs effets et leur pérennité. Tout en s’inscrivant pleinement dans le débat actuel sur la couverture sanitaire universelle (CSU), l’un des principaux enjeux de cet ouvrage est aussi de nourrir les réflexions au niveau national, du Sénégal à la République démocratique du Congo, en passant par le Sahel ou le Bénin. Ainsi, une quarantaine d’autrices et d’auteurs partagent, dans une langue accessible, leurs analyses rigoureuses et pour la plupart inédites, pour mieux comprendre le chemin qu’il reste à parcourir afin que la CSU devienne une réalité pour l’Afrique subsaharienne, n’en déplaise aux tenants de la nouvelle gestion publique.


  • Ridde Valery, Ba M. F., Gaye I., Diallo A. I., Bonnet Emmanuel et Faye A. (2021) « Participating in a vaccine trial for COVID-19 in Senegal: trust and information », Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics (juillet 19), p. 1-6. DOI : 10.1080/21645515.2021.1951097. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21645515.2021.1951097.
    Résumé : This research aims to understand the level and determinants of people’s willingness to participate in a vaccine trial for COVID-19 in Senegal. We conducted a telephone survey among a marginal quota sample of 607 people over 18 years of age. Only 44.3% of the participants wanted to participate in a vaccine trial for COVID-19, with females intending to participate more than males (AOR = 1.82, 95% CI [1.22–2.72]). Participants who intended to be vaccinated against COVID-19 (AOR = 6.48, 95% CI [4.12–10.4]) and who thought that being infected with the coronavirus would have a significant impact on their health (AOR = 2.34, 95% CI [1.57, 3.51]) were more likely to agree to take part in the COVID-19 vaccine trial. Confidence in the vaccine, health personnel, and the government in the fight against the pandemic are key factors in participants’ willingness to participate in a vaccine trial in Senegal.
  • Ridde Valéry (2021) « From malaria-dengue to an intervention in Burkina Faso », in Sonar-Global team. SPECIAL SOC EPIDEMICS: Training social scientists on the social dimensions of epidemics, par A Billaud, Alice Desclaux, et K. Sow, Dakar : CRCF.

  • Ridde Valéry et Faye Adama (2021) La riposte nationale contre la COVID-19 au Sénégal : de la formulation à sa mise en œuvre, Working Papers du CEPED (50), Paris : Ceped. https://www.ceped.org/wp.
    Résumé : Face à l’arrivée de la pandémie de COVID-19, les gouvernements africains ont été contraints de réagir promptement et par anticipation pour protéger leurs populations. Au Sénégal, le plan national de riposte a été planifié avant que le pays ait connu son premier cas officiel de COVID-19, le 2 mars 2020. Alors que le pays subit une troisième vague épidémique depuis fin juin 2021, cette étude en méthodes mixtes, réalisée en mars et avril 2021, vise à comprendre comment la riposte nationale a été formulée et mise en œuvre dans les régions. L’étude montre que si la réaction a été rapide, le contenu (les instruments) de la riposte est resté classique, dominé par les solutions biomédicales et verticales influencées par le passé (lutte contre Ébola) et donnant lieu à des enjeux de pouvoir propres à la gestion de l’urgence. La mise en œuvre de la réponse à la pandémie a été influencée par de nombreux facteurs facilitants et contraignants et elle s’est confrontée à des contextes régionaux divers et spécifiques qui ont façonné son organisation. Le niveau central a également parfois usé de processus de réflexivité pour adap-ter sa riposte. Malgré la vague épidémique sans précédent qui déferle en ce mois de juillet 2021, les mesures drastiques prises en 2020 et étudiées dans ce texte ne sont pas encore revenues. Cohérence et confiance sont de nouveau questionnées par les citoyens qui voient les médias s’inquiéter des conséquences pour le système de santé et la santé des populations.


  • Ridde Valéry et Fillol Amandine (2021) « Santé Mondiale », Anthropen (juin 13). DOI : 10.47854/anthropen.vi0.51161. https://revues.ulaval.ca/ojs/index.php/anthropen/article/view/51161.
    Résumé : La santé mondiale et sa définition sont l’objet de multiples débats dans un contexte de mondialisation. Elles souffrent encore d’un manque de clarté conceptuelle. Notre texte propose une analyse critique du vocable de santé mondiale. Après avoir décrit les définitions proposées, nous abordons les enjeux de pouvoir qui sont au cœur du fonctionnement et du quotidien de la santé mondiale que la nouvelle génération (si on lui laisse de la place) devra nécessairement affronter.
    Mots-clés : Coopération.


  • Ridde Valéry, Gautier Lara, Dagenais Christian, Chabrol Fanny, Hou Renyou, Bonnet Emmanuel, David Pierre-Marie, Cloos Patrick, Duhoux Arnaud, Lucet Jean-Christophe, Traverson Lola, de Araujo Oliveira Sydia Rosana, Cazarin Gisele, Peiffer-Smadja Nathan, Touré Laurence, Coulibaly Abdourahmane, Honda Ayako, Noda Shinichiro, Tamura Toyomitsu, Baba Hiroko, Kodoi Haruka et Zinszer Kate (2021) « Learning from public health and hospital resilience to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: protocol for a multiple case study (Brazil, Canada, China, France, Japan, and Mali) », Health Research Policy and Systems, 19 (1) (mai 6), p. 76. DOI : 10.1186/s12961-021-00707-z. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-021-00707-z.
    Résumé : All prevention efforts currently being implemented for COVID-19 are aimed at reducing the burden on strained health systems and human resources. There has been little research conducted to understand how SARS-CoV-2 has affected health care systems and professionals in terms of their work. Finding effective ways to share the knowledge and insight between countries, including lessons learned, is paramount to the international containment and management of the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this project is to compare the pandemic response to COVID-19 in Brazil, Canada, China, France, Japan, and Mali. This comparison will be used to identify strengths and weaknesses in the response, including challenges for health professionals and health systems.

  • Ridde Valéry et Hane Fatoumata (2021) « La couverture sanitaire universelle : un toit percé depuis trop longtemps », AOC.Média (décembre 10). https://hal.ird.fr/ird-03473381.


  • Ridde Valéry et Hane Fatoumata (2021) « Universal health coverage: the roof has been leaking for far too long », BMJ Global Health, 6 (12) (décembre), p. e008152. DOI : 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-008152. https://gh.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-008152.


  • Ridde Valéry, Ouedraogo Samiratou et Yaya Sanni (2021) « Closing the diversity and inclusion gaps in francophone public health: a wake-up call », BMJ Global Health, 6 (2) (février), p. e005231. DOI : 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005231. https://gh.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005231.
  • Ridde Valéry, Saré Diane, Quan Nha Hong, et Pluye Pierre (2021) « Grilles pour décrire les interventions populationnelles dans les revues des écrits scientifiques en santé », McGill Family Medicine Studies Online, 16:e02.
    Résumé : L'étude a pour objectif de répertorier toutes les grilles de description des interventions populationnelles et celles qui soutiennent l’extraction des données pour la réalisation des revues systématiques des écrits scientifiques en santé publique.
    Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.


  • Saulnier Dell D, Blanchet Karl, Canila Carmelita, Cobos Muñoz Daniel, Dal Zennaro Livia, de Savigny Don, Durski Kara N, Garcia Fernando, Grimm Pauline Yongeun, Kwamie Aku, Maceira Daniel, Marten Robert, Peytremann-Bridevaux Isabelle, Poroes Camille, Ridde Valery, Seematter Laurence, Stern Barbara, Suarez Patricia, Teddy Gina, Wernli Didier, Wyss Kaspar et Tediosi Fabrizio (2021) « A health systems resilience research agenda: moving from concept to practice », BMJ Global Health, 6 (8) (août), p. e006779. DOI : 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006779. https://gh.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006779.
    Résumé : Health system resilience, known as the ability for health systems to absorb, adapt or transform to maintain essential functions when stressed or shocked, has quickly gained popularity following shocks like COVID-19. The concept is relatively new in health policy and systems research and the existing research remains mostly theoretical. Research to date has viewed resilience as an outcome that can be measured through performance outcomes, as an ability of complex adaptive systems that is derived from dynamic behaviour and interactions, or as both. However, there is little congruence on the theory and the existing frameworks have not been widely used, which as diluted the research applications for health system resilience. A global group of health system researchers were convened in March 2021 to discuss and identify priorities for health system resilience research and implementation based on lessons from COVID-19 and other health emergencies. Five research priority areas were identified: (1) measuring and managing systems dynamic performance, (2) the linkages between societal resilience and health system resilience, (3) the effect of governance on the capacity for resilience, (4) creating legitimacy and (5) the influence of the private sector on health system resilience. A key to filling these research gaps will be longitudinal and comparative case studies that use cocreation and coproduction approaches that go beyond researchers to include policy-makers, practitioners and the public.


  • Seppey Mathieu, Somé Paul-André et Ridde Valéry (2021) « Sustainability determinants of the Burkinabe performance-based financing project », Journal of Health Organization and Management, ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) (février 5). DOI : 10.1108/JHOM-04-2020-0137. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JHOM-04-2020-0137/full/html.
    Résumé : A performance-based financing (PBF) pilot project was implemented in 2011 in Burkina Faso. After more than five years of implementation (data collection in 2016), the project's sustainability was not guaranteed. This study's objective is to assess this project's sustainability in 2016 by identifying the presence/absence of different determinants of sustainability according to the conceptual framework of Seppey et al. (2017). Design/methodology/approach It uses a case study approach using in-depth interviews with various actors at the local, district/regional and national levels. Participants (n= 37) included health practitioners, management team members, implementers and senior members of health directions. A thematic analysis based on the conceptual framework was conducted, as well as an inductive analysis. Findings Results show the project's sustainability level was weak according to an unequal presence of sustainability's determinants; some activities are being maintained but not fully routinised. Discrepancies between the project and the context's values appeared to be important barriers towards sustainability. Project's ownership by key stakeholders also seemed superficial despite the implementers' leadership towards its success. The project's objective towards greater autonomy for health centres was also directly confronting the Burkinabe's hierarchical health system. Originality/value This study reveals many fits and misfits between a PBF project and its context affecting its ability to sustain activities through time. It also underlines the importance of using a conceptual framework in implementing and evaluating interventions. These results could be interesting for decision-makers and implementers in further assessing PBF projects elsewhere.

  • Seppey Mathieu, Touré Laurence et Ridde Valéry (2021) « Defining an action-research’s content to improve a policy supporting indigents’ health in Mali: a concept mapping », Journal of Global Health Reports, 5 (avril 19), p. e2021031. DOI : 10.29392/001c.21956.


  • Stennett Jack, Hou Renyou, Traverson Lola, Ridde Valéry, Zinszer Kate et Chabrol Fanny (2021) « Lessons learned from the resilience of Chinese hospitals to the COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review ». DOI : 10.1101/2021.03.15.21253509. https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.15.21253509v1.
    Résumé : <h3>Abstract</h3> <p>As the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has brought huge strain on hospitals worldwide, the resilience shown by China’s hospitals appears to have been a critical factor in their successful response to the pandemic. This paper aims to determine the key findings, recommendations and lessons learned in terms of hospital resilience during the pandemic, as well as the quality and limitations of research in this field at present.</p><p>We conducted a scoping review of evidence on the resilience of hospitals in China during the COVID-19 crisis in the first half of 2020. Two online databases (the CNKI and WHO databases) were used to identify papers meeting the eligibility criteria, from which we selected 59 publications (English: n= 26; Chinese: n= 33). After extracting the data, we present an information synthesis using a resilience framework.</p><p>We found that much research was rapidly produced in the first half of 2020, describing certain strategies used to improve hospital resilience, particularly in three key areas: human resources; management and communication; and security, hygiene and planning. Our search revealed that considerable attention was focused on interventions related to training, healthcare worker well-being, e-health/ telemedicine, and work organization, while other areas, such as hospital financing, information systems and healthcare infrastructure, were less well represented in the literature.</p><p>We identified a number of lessons learned regarding how China’s hospitals have maintained resilience when confronted with the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. However, we also noted that the literature was dominated by descriptive case studies, often lacking consideration of methodological limitations, and that there was a lack of both highly-focused research on individual interventions and holistic research that attempted to unite the topics within a resilience framework. Research on Chinese hospitals would benefit from a greater range of analysis in order to draw more nuanced and contextualised lessons from the responses to the crisis.</p>


  • Sturmberg Joachim, Paul Elisabeth, Van Damme Wim, Ridde Valery, Brown Garrett W. et Kalk Andreas (2021) « The danger of the single storyline obfuscating the complexities of managing SARS‐CoV‐2/COVID‐19 », Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice (novembre 25), p. jep.13640. DOI : 10.1111/jep.13640. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jep.13640.
  • Tine Jean Augustin, Petit Véronique, Ridde Valery, Faye Adama, Seck Ibrahima et Thiam Mamadou Habib (2021) « Gestion de la Santé mentale pendant la pandémie de Covid-19 au Sénégal : analyse réflexive », Colloque présenté à 3e Journées de l’Association Sénégalaise des Professionnels de Santé Publique et Premières Journées Médicales de l’UFR des Sciences de la Santé, décembre 4, Université Assane Seck, Ziguinchor, Sénégal.


  • Traverson Lola, Stennett Jack, Mathevet Isadora, Zacarias Amanda Correia Paes, Sousa Karla Paz de, Andrade Andrea, Zinszer Kate et Ridde Valéry (2021) « Learning from the resilience of hospitals and their staff to the COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review », medRxiv. DOI : 10.1101/2021.04.22.21255908. https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.21255908v1.
    Résumé : <h3>Abstract</h3> <h3>Background</h3> <p>The COVID-19 pandemic has brought huge strain on hospitals worldwide. It is crucial that we gain a deeper understanding of hospital resilience in this unprecedented moment. This paper aims to report the key strategies and recommendations in terms of hospitals and professionals’ resilience to the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the quality and limitations of research in this field at present.</p><h3>Methods</h3> <p>We conducted a scoping review of evidence on the resilience of hospitals and their staff during the COVID-19 crisis in the first half of 2020. The Stephen B. Thacker CDC Library website was used to identify papers meeting the eligibility criteria, from which we selected 65 publications. After having extracted data, we presented the results synthesis using an “effects-strategies-impacts” resilience framework.</p><h3>Results</h3> <p>We found a wealth of research rapidly produced in the first half of 2020, describing different strategies used to improve hospitals’ resilience, particularly in terms of 1) planning, management, and security, and 2) human resources. Research focuses mainly on interventions related to healthcare workers’ well-being and mental health, protection protocols, space reorganization, personal protective equipment and resources management, work organization, training, e-health and the use of technologies. Hospital financing, information and communication, and governance were less represented in the literature.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3> <p>The selected literature was dominated by quantitative descriptive case studies, sometimes lacking consideration of methodological limitations. The review revealed a lack of holistic research attempting to unite the topics within a resilience framework. Research on hospitals resilience would benefit from a greater range of analysis to draw more nuanced and contextualized lessons from the multiple specific responses to the crisis. We identified key strategies on how hospitals maintained their resilience when confronted with the COVID-19 pandemic and a range of recommendations for practice.</p>


  • Turcotte-Tremblay Anne-Marie, Gali Gali Idriss Ali et Ridde Valéry (2021) « The unintended consequences of COVID-19 mitigation measures matter: practical guidance for investigating them », BMC Medical Research Methodology, 21 (1) (décembre), p. 28. DOI : 10.1186/s12874-020-01200-x. https://bmcmedresmethodol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12874-020-01200-x.
    Résumé : Background COVID-19 has led to the adoption of unprecedented mitigation measures which could trigger many unintended consequences. These unintended consequences can be far-reaching and just as important as the intended ones. The World Health Organization identified the assessment of unintended consequences of COVID-19 mitigation measures as a top priority. Thus far, however, their systematic assessment has been neglected due to the inattention of researchers as well as the lack of training and practical tools. Main text Over six years our team has gained extensive experience conducting research on the unintended consequences of complex health interventions. Through a reflexive process, we developed insights that can be useful for researchers in this area. Our analysis is based on key literature and lessons learned reflexively in conducting multi-site and multi-method studies on unintended consequences. Here we present practical guidance for researchers wishing to assess the unintended consequences of COVID-19 mitigation measures. To ensure resource allocation, protocols should include research questions regarding unintended consequences at the outset. Social science theories and frameworks are available to help assess unintended consequences. To determine which changes are unintended, researchers must first understand the intervention theory. To facilitate data collection, researchers can begin by forecasting potential unintended consequences through literature reviews and discussions with stakeholders. Including desirable and neutral unintended consequences in the scope of study can help minimize the negative bias reported in the literature. Exploratory methods can be powerful tools to capture data on the unintended consequences that were unforeseen by researchers. We recommend researchers cast a wide net by inquiring about different aspects of the mitigation measures. Some unintended consequences may only be observable in subsequent years, so longitudinal approaches may be useful. An equity lens is necessary to assess how mitigation measures may unintentionally increase disparities. Finally, stakeholders can help validate the classification of consequences as intended or unintended. Conclusion Studying the unintended consequences of COVID-19 mitigation measures is not only possible but also necessary to assess their overall value. The practical guidance presented will help program planners and evaluators gain a more comprehensive understanding of unintended consequences to refine mitigation measures.


  • Zitti Tony, Fillol Amandine, Lohmann Julia, Coulibaly Abdourahmane et Ridde Valéry (2021) « Does the gap between health workers’ expectations and the realities of implementing a performance-based financing project in Mali create frustration? », Global Health Research and Policy, 6 (1) (février 2), p. 5. DOI : 10.1186/s41256-021-00189-0. https://ghrp.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41256-021-00189-0.
    Résumé : Background Performance-Based Financing (PBF), an innovative health financing initiative, was recently implemented in Mali. PBF aims to improve quality of care by motivating health workers. The purpose of this research was to identify and understand how health workers’ expectations related to their experiences of the first cycle of payment of PBF subsidies, and how this experience affected their motivation and sentiments towards the intervention. We pose the research question, “how does the process of PBF subsidies impact the motivation of health workers in Mali?” Methods We adopted a qualitative approach using multiple case studies. We chose three district hospitals (DH 1, 2 and 3) in three health districts (district 1, 2 and 3) among the ten in the Koulikoro region. Our cases correspond to the three DHs. We followed the principle of data source triangulation; we used 53 semi-directive interviews conducted with health workers (to follow the principle of saturuation), field notes, and documents relating to the distribution grids of subsidies for each DH. We analyzed data in a mixed deductive and inductive manner. Results The results show that the PBF subsidies led to health workers feeling more motivated to perform their tasks overall. Beyond financial motivation, this was primarily due to PBF allowing them to work more efficiently. However, respondents perceived a discrepancy between the efforts made and the subsidies received. The fact that their expectations were not met led to a sense of frustration and disappointment. Similarly, the way in which the subsidies were distributed and the lack of transparency in the distribution process led to feelings of unfairness among the vast majority of respondents. The results show that frustrations can build up in the early days of the intervention. Conclusion The PBF implementation in Mali left health workers frustrated. The short overall implementation period did not allow actors to adjust their initial expectations and motivational responses, neither positive nor negative. This underlines how short-term interventions might not just lack impact, but instil negative sentiments likely to carry on into the future.


  • Zombré David, De Allegri Manuela, Ridde Valéry et Zinszer Kate (2021) « User fees removal and community-based management of undernutrition in Burkina Faso: what effects on children’s nutritional status? », Public Health Nutrition (février 17), p. 1-26. DOI : 10.1017/S1368980021000732. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1368980021000732/type/journal_article.
    Résumé : Objective: To examine the effect of an intervention combining user fees removal with community-based management of undernutrition on the nutrition status in children under-five in Burkina Faso. Design: The study was a non-equivalent control group post-test-only design based on household survey data collected four years after the intervention onset in the intervention and comparison districts. Additionally, we used propensity score weighting to achieve balance on covariates between the two districts, followed by logistic multilevel modeling. Setting: Two health districts in the Sahel region. Participants: 1,116 children under five residing in 41 intervention communities and 1,305 from 51 control communities. Results: When comparing children living in the intervention district to children living in a non-intervention district, we determined no differences in terms of stunting [OR=1.13; 95% CI 0.83 −1.54] and wasting [OR=1.21; 95% CI 0.90 − 1.64], nor in severely wasted [OR=1.27; 95% CI 0.79 − 2.04] and severely stunted [OR=0.99; 95% CI 0.76 −1.26]. However, we determined that 3% of the variance of wasting [95% CI 1.25 − 10.42] and 9.4% of the variance of stunting [95% CI 6.45 − 13.38] were due to systematic differences between communities of residence. The presence of the intervention in the communities explained 2% of the community-level variance of stunting and 3% of the community-level variance of wasting. Conclusions: With the scaling-up of the national free health policy in Africa, we stress the need for rigorous evaluations and the means to measure expected changes in order to better inform health interventions.

2020



  • Audibert Martine, N’Landu Anaïs, Ravit Marion, Raffalli Bertille, Ravalihasy Andrainolo, Ridde Valéry et Dumont Alexandre (2020) « Forfait obstétrical et inégalités dans l’accès aux soins maternels en Mauritanie », Revue économique, 71 (6), p. 1045. DOI : 10.3917/reco.716.1045. http://www.cairn.info/revue-economique-2020-6-page-1045.htm?ref=doi.
    Résumé : La Mauritanie a introduit en 2002 un système de prépaiement des soins de santé maternelle, le forfait obstétrical. L’objectif de cette étude est de savoir si le forfait améliore la qualité de l’accès et réduit les inégalités dans le recours aux soins obstétricaux. Les données sont celles de l’enquête ménages MICS-Mauritanie de 2015. Deux méthodes ont été utilisées. La première est la méthode des indices de concentration. La seconde est la méthode de décomposition des inégalités par fonction d’influence recentrée qui estime des effets marginaux en tenant compte des caractéristiques des individus. Le forfait obstétrical permet aux femmes enceintes d’accéder à des soins de meilleure qualité et contribue à la réduction des inégalités d’accès.


  • Beaugé Yvonne, De Allegri Manuela, Ouédraogo Samiratou, Bonnet Emmanuel, Kuunibe Naasegnibe et Ridde Valéry (2020) « Do Targeted User Fee Exemptions Reach the Ultra-Poor and Increase their Healthcare Utilisation? A Panel Study from Burkina Faso », International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17 (18) (septembre 8), p. 6543. DOI : 10.3390/ijerph17186543. https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/18/6543.
    Résumé : Background: A component of the performance-based financing intervention implemented in Burkina Faso was to provide free access to healthcare via the distribution of user fee exemption cards to previously identified ultra-poor. This study examines the factors that led to the receipt of user fee exemption cards, and the effect of card possession on the utilisation of healthcare services. Methods: A panel data set of 1652 randomly selected ultra-poor individuals was used. Logistic regression was applied on the end line data to identify factors associated with the receipt of user fee exemption cards. Random-effects modelling was applied to the panel data to determine the effect of the card possession on healthcare service utilisation among those who reported an illness six months before the surveys. Results: Out of the ultra-poor surveyed in 2017, 75.51% received exemption cards. Basic literacy (p = 0.03), living within 5 km from a healthcare centre (p = 0.02) and being resident in Diébougou or Gourcy (p = 0.00) were positively associated with card possession. Card possession did not increase health service utilisation (β = −0.07; 95% CI = −0.45; 0.32; p = 0.73). Conclusion: A better intervention design and implementation is required. Complementing demand-side strategies could guide the ultra-poor in overcoming all barriers to healthcare access.


  • Beaugé Yvonne, Ridde Valery, Bonnet Emmanuel, Souleymane Sidibé, Kuunibe Naasegnibe et De Allegri Manuela (2020) « Factors related to excessive out-of-pocket expenditures among the ultra-poor after discontinuity of PBF: a cross-sectional study in Burkina Faso », Health Economics Review, 10 (1) (novembre 14), p. 36. DOI : 10.1186/s13561-020-00293-w. https://healtheconomicsreview.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13561-020-00293-w.
    Résumé : Measuring progress towards financial risk protection for the poorest is essential within the framework of Universal Health Coverage. The study assessed the level of out-of-pocket expenditure and factors associated with excessive out-of-pocket expenditure among the ultra-poor who had been targeted and exempted within the context of the performance-based financing intervention in Burkina Faso. Ultra-poor were selected based on a community-based approach and provided with an exemption card allowing them to access healthcare services free of charge. Methods We performed a descriptive analysis of the level of out-of-pocket expenditure on formal healthcare services using data from a cross-sectional study conducted in Diébougou district. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to investigate the factors related to excessive out-of-pocket expenditure among the ultra-poor. The analysis was restricted to individuals who reported formal health service utilisation for an illness-episode within the last six months. Excessive spending was defined as having expenditure greater than or equal to two times the median out-of-pocket expenditure. Results Exemption card ownership was reported by 83.64% of the respondents. With an average of FCFA 23051.62 (USD 39.18), the ultra-poor had to supplement a significant amount of out-of-pocket expenditure to receive formal healthcare services at public health facilities which were supposed to be free. The probability of incurring excessive out-of-pocket expenditure was negatively associated with being female (β = − 2.072, p  = 0.00, ME = − 0.324; p  = 0.000) and having an exemption card (β = − 1.787, p  = 0.025; ME = − 0.279, p  = 0.014). Conclusions User fee exemptions are associated with reduced out-of-pocket expenditure for the ultra-poor. Our results demonstrate the importance of free care and better implementation of existing exemption policies. The ultra-poor’s elevated risk due to multi-morbidities and severity of illness need to be considered when allocating resources to better address existing inequalities and improve financial risk protection.


  • Belaid Loubna, Benoit Magalie, Kaur Navdeep, Lili Azari et Ridde Valery (2020) « Population Health Intervention Implementation Among Migrants With Precarious Status in Montreal: Underlying Theory and Key Challenges », SAGE Open, 10 (2) (avril), p. 215824402091795. DOI : 10.1177/2158244020917957. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2158244020917957.
    Résumé : The purpose of this study is to describe the underlying theory and the challenges involved in implementing an intervention to access health care services for migrants with precarious status (MPS) in Montreal. The description of the underlying theory of the intervention was based on a documentary analysis and a workshop with clinicians (n = 9). The challenges were identified through concept mapping (n = 28) and in-depth interviews (n = 13). The results of the study indicated that the aims of the intervention were to provide access to health care to MPS primarily to avoid any further health status deterioration. The most significant challenges identified were sustainable funding resources and improved access to care and protection for MPS. The interviews indicated that MPS are difficult to reach out; public health care system rules are unclear; resource constraints make it difficult to provide adequate and continuing care; and advocacy activities are difficult to organize.

  • Belaid Loubna et Ridde Valéry (2020) Une cartographie de quelques méthodes de revues systématiques, Working Papers du CEPED (44), Paris : Ceped, 42 p. https://www.ceped.org/wp.


  • Bonnet Emmanuel, Fournet Florence, Benmarhnia Tarik, Ouedraogo Samiratou, Dabiré Roch et Ridde Valéry (2020) « Impact of a community-based intervention on Aedes aegypti and its spatial distribution in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso », Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 9 (1) (décembre), p. 61. DOI : 10.1186/s40249-020-00675-6. https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-020-00675-6.
    Résumé : Background Several studies highlighted the impact of community-based interventions whose purpose was to reduce the vectors’ breeding sites. These strategies are particularly interesting in low-and-middle-income countries which may find it difficult to sustainably assume the cost of insecticide-based interventions. In this case study we determine the spatial distribution of a community-based intervention for dengue vector control using different entomological indices. The objective was to evaluate locally where the intervention was most effective, using spatial analysis methods that are too often neglected in impact assessments. Methods Two neighbourhoods, Tampouy and Juvenat in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, were chosen among five after a survey was conducted, as part of an assessment related to the burden of dengue. As part of the community-based intervention conducted in Tampouy between August and early October 2016, an entomological survey was implemented in two phases. The first phase consisted of a baseline entomological characterization of potential breeding sites in the neighbourhood of Tampouy as well as in Juvenat, the control area. This phase was conducted in October 2015 at the end of the rainy season. The mosquito breeding sites were screened in randomly selected houses: 206 in Tampouy and 203 in Juvenat. A second phase took place after the intervention, in October 2016. The mosquito breeding sites were investigated in the same yards as during the baseline phase. We performed several entomological analyses to measure site productivity as well as before and after analysis using multilevel linear regression. We used Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISAs) to analyse spatial concentrations of larvae. Results After the intervention, it is noted that LISAs at Tampouy reveal few aggregates of all types and the suppression of those existing before the intervention. The analysis therefore reveals that the intervention made it possible to reduce the number of concentration areas of high and low values of pupae. Conclusions The contribution of spatial methods for assessing community-based intervention are relevant for monitoring at local levels as a complement to epidemiological analyses conducted within neighbourhoods. They are useful, therefore, not only for assessment but also for establishing interventions. This study shows that spatial analyses also have their place in population health intervention research


  • Bonnet Emmanuel, Nikiéma Aude, Adoléhoume Amakoé et Ridde Valery (2020) « Better data for better action: rethinking road injury data in francophone West Africa », BMJ Global Health, 5 (5) (mai), p. e002521. DOI : 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002521. http://gh.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002521.

  • Cambon Linda, Alla François et Ridde Valéry (2020) « Santé publique : pour l’empowerment plutôt que l’infantilisation », AOC media - Analyse Opinion Critique, Paris édition. https://aoc.media/opinion/2020/07/07/sante-publique-pour-lempowerment-plutot-que-linfantilisation/.
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