Références bibliographiques

Porfilio-Mathieu Lyann, Pigeon-Gagné Émilie, Dagenais Christian et Ridde Valéry (2022) « Prevalence and determinants of mental health among an indigent population in rural Burkina Faso: a cross-sectional study », Journal of Global Health Reports, 6 (avril 25). DOI : 10.29392/001c.33820. https://www.joghr.org/article/33820-prevalence-and-determinants-of-mental-health-among-an-indigent-population-in-rural-burkina-faso-a-cross-sectional-study.

Pourette Dolorès (2022) « Penser ensemble les objets sida et immigration », Anthropologie & Santé, 24 bis. N° dédié à Sandrine Musso (juin 13). DOI : 10.4000/anthropologiesante.10874. https://journals.openedition.org/anthropologiesante/10874.

Résumé : La scène du sida est donc aussi un observatoire de choix des évolutions contemporaines du traitement de l’altérité dans la société française. Qu’il s’agisse de la production sociale des dynamiques de l’épidémie, de polémiques relatives à l’invisibilité statistique et à la gestion « postcoloniale » des populations immigrées, de l’adaptation socioculturelle des messages et politiques préventifs, la lutte contre le sida constitue un observatoire de tout premier choix des enjeux attachés à l’inte...

Pourette Dolorès, Cripps Amber, Guerrien Margaux, Desprès Caroline, Opigez Eric, Bardou Marc et Dumont Alexandre (2022) « Assessing the Acceptability of Home-Based HPV Self-Sampling: A Qualitative Study on Cervical Cancer Screening Conducted in Reunion Island Prior to the RESISTE Trial », Cancers, 14 (6), p. 1380. DOI : 10.3390/cancers14061380. https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/6/1380.

Résumé : Cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates are 2 to 3 times higher in the overseas department of Reunion compared with mainland France. RESISTE’s cluster-randomized controlled trial aims to test the effectiveness of home-based self-sampling (HBSS) through a high-risk oncogenic papillomavirus test sent out by post to women who have not been screened in the past 3 years, despite having been invited to do so through a reminder letter. Prior to the trial, qualitative research was carried out to understand screening barriers and assess anticipated acceptability. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 35 women and 20 healthcare providers. Providers consider HBSS a viable method in reaching women who tend not to visit a doctor regularly, or who are reluctant to undergo a smear pap, as well as those who are geographically isolated. They considered, however, that women would require support, and that outreach was necessary to ensure more socially isolated women participate. The majority of the women surveyed were in favour of HBSS. However, two-thirds voiced concerns regarding the test’s efficiency and their ability to perform the test correctly, without harming themselves. Based on these findings, recommendations were formulated to reassure women on usage and quality, and to help reach socially isolated women.

Mots-clés : cervical cancer screening, home-based self-sampling, HPV testing, qualitative study, Reunion Island, social disadvantage, social isolation, socio-economic insecurity.

Pourraz Jessica (2022) « Making medicines in post-colonial Ghana: State policies, technology transfer and pharmaceuticals market », Social Science & Medicine, 311 (115360) (octobre). DOI : 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115360. https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0277953622006669?token=D3412CC0309343F911B2B715FF8CDE2898F1F44BAD66D0B72304D7DE92AB726BBC75B05FA087BD3174EBC5586182F693&originRegion=eu-west-1&originCreation=20220921114328.

Résumé : The COVID-19 epidemic has highlighted the risks of shortages resulting from dependence on medicine imports. Today's situation where a few companies in the Global North control COVID-19 vaccine production is having dire consequences on African countries' access. However, the challenges surrounding local production of medical products in Africa are long-standing issues dating back to independence. Using Ghana as a case study, this paper looks primarily at how the dependence on medicine imports can be understood as the result of policies implemented since independence, as well as the changes that the Ghanaian State has undergone in reaction to international events and the evolution of the structure of global pharmaceutical capital. It examines the policies associated with the Ghanaian State's project to promote local pharmaceutical production, from independence to the present, and the role that non-state actors such as pharmaceutical companies have played. Based on an historical political economy approach, it highlights how the roles of the State and its forms of intervention have evolved over time, from planning (right after independence), to implementing (during the global crisis of the 1970s–1980s), and finally to regulating (from the 1990–2000s onward). This paper draws on 14 months of PhD research fieldwork (2014–2018). It consists of interviews (n = 50) with Ghanaian actors in the pharmaceutical sector, observations in a pharmaceutical plant in Accra, and research into archives at the Public Records and Archives Administration Department (PRAAD) of the Ministry of Industry. Keywords: Ghana; Postcolonial; Pharmaceutical markets; Public policies; Technology transfer; Global health

Prasad Shambu C. et Quet Mathieu (2022) « Creative Dissent in India: Knowledge Swaraj and the People’s Health Movement », Engaging Science, Technology, and Society, 8 (1) (mai 31), p. 87-104. DOI : 10.17351/ests2022.471. https://estsjournal.org/index.php/ests/article/view/471.

Résumé : There is an increasing interest among STS scholars to go beyond public understanding of science to look at the role of social movements in shaping alternate science and exploring the role of scientific dissent and the reconfiguration of the relations between scientists and citizens. The increasing popularity of citizen science that seeks to reengage the public in science needs to be situated within broader social movements that have argued for more conversations on science and democracy. This paper explores the idea of scientific dissent in India within a rich and vibrant tradition of People’s Science Movement(s). We suggest that the dominance of the technoscientific elite has been countered in part through creative dissent by citizens and scientists working together in envisioning knowledge futures. Specifically, a citizen’s manifesto—Knowledge Swaraj, is examined for its potential to present a frame for science in civil society rooted around the principles of plurality, sustainability, and justice that could reclaim the citizen’s autonomy or ‘self-rule’. Through the case study of the knowledge created by the People’s Health Movement (PHM) in India from 1976–1990, we show how creative dissent has enabled multiple conversations about science, medicine, and democracy that both critique dominant state and market narratives and presents an alternative through dissenting scientists.

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Rault Chodankar Yves-Marie (2022) « Résumé de thèse : "Les petites entreprises pharmaceutiques indiennes, agents d’une globalisation alternative" », Encyclo. Revue de l'école doctorale Sciences des Sociétés ED 624, p. 205. https://hal.science/hal-03986277.

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

Rault-Chodankar Yves-Marie (2022) « Domestiquer la norme mondiale. Brevet pharmaceutique, bonnes pratiques de fabrication et contrôle du prix des médicaments en Inde », L’Espace Politique. Revue en ligne de géographie politique et de géopolitique, 45 (novembre 23). DOI : 10.4000/espacepolitique.10628. https://journals.openedition.org/espacepolitique/10628.

Résumé : La construction et la circulation de normes internationales destinées à réguler les pratiques de fabrication et de commercialisation des médicaments est souvent analysée au prisme des oppositions Nord/Sud, breveté/générique, public/privé, mondial/national/local. Cet article s’appuie sur des entretiens avec des acteurs clés du secteur pharmaceutique en Inde pour démontrer que ces oppositions binaires masquent la diversité des rapports entretenus localement avec les normes mondiales. Prenant le cas d’une molécule sous brevet, le Sofobusvir, nous identifions les manières dont les entreprises génériques indiennes s’accommodent du droit international sur la propriété intellectuelle, et comment les plus petites justifient de transgresser la norme tout en profitant de son application. Analysant le rôle de l’agence du contrôle des médicaments de l’État du Gujarat, nous montrons également que l’application des bonnes pratiques de fabrication sont négociées avec les différents échelons de l’administration indienne, entre impératifs de santé et attractivité industrielle. Nous identifions aussi les différentes attitudes des entreprises et de l’État central vis-à-vis des normes de fixation du prix des médicaments pour souligner leurs fortes capacités de d’adaptation, de subversion, et de contournement des normes. Globalement, cet article met en exergue différentes relations aux normes pour expliquer leur continue diversité à l’échelle mondiale.

Mots-clés : Inde, médicaments, mondialisation, normes, régulation, santé.

Rault-Chodankar Yves-Marie (2022) « ‘We care… because care is growth’. The low-tech imaginaries of India's small-scale pharmaceutical enterprises », SSM - Qualitative Research in Health, 2 (décembre), p. 100144. DOI : 10.1016/j.ssmqr.2022.100144. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2667321522001068.

Résumé : Since the early 2000s, the development of India's generic industry has generated a lot of hope and interest amongst researchers and practitioners of Global Health. This article documents the ambiguous dreams, aspirations, and hopes of the managers of micro, small, and medium companies involved in manufacturing, marketing, and distributing low-cost generic medicine. The analysis draws on semi-structured interviews with managers (n = 66) and shows that they contrast sharply with the universalist, tech-intensive, and salvationary imaginaries often associated with the global pharmaceutical industry. On the one hand, India's small-scale entrepreneurs see themselves as instrumental to their family's financial welfare and the economic development of their local social groups. On the other hand, they like to imagine themselves as part of India's emergence on the international stage and better global access to affordable medicine. Such imaginaries form a low-tech approach to Global Health where generic pharmaceuticals are not taken as transformative technologies but are meant to play specific socioeconomic roles at different scales.

Rault-Chodankar Yves-Marie (2022) « Taming the global standard. Pharmaceutical patenting, good manufacturing practices and drug price controls in India », L'Espace Politique, 45 (novembre 23). DOI : 10.4000/espacepolitique.10628. https://hal.science/hal-03952149.

Résumé : The construction and circulation of international norms aimed at controlling drug manufacturing and marketing practices is often analyzed through the prism of North/South, patented/generic, public/private, global/national/local oppositions. This article draws on interviews with key players in the pharmaceutical sector in India to demonstrate that these binary oppositions mask the diversity of relationships maintained locally with global standards. Taking the case of a patented molecule, Sofobusvir, we discuss how Indian generic companies adjust to the international law on intellectual property and how the smallest firms justify transgressing norms while taking advantage of their existence. Analyzing the role of the drug control agency of the state of Gujarat, we also show that the application of Indian good manufacturing practices is negotiated with the different levels of the local administration, between health needs and industrial attractiveness. We also identify the different attitudes of the companies and the central state towards drug pricing standards to highlight their strong capacities for adaptation, subversion, and diversion of norms. Overall, this article highlights the various relationships to norms to explain their continued diversity on a global scale.

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Rault-Chodankar Yves-Marie et Kale Dinar (2022) « ‘Manufacturers without factories’ and economic development in the Global South: India’s pharmaceutical firms », Journal of Economic Geography (mai 23), p. lbac013. DOI : 10.1093/jeg/lbac013. https://academic.oup.com/joeg/advance-article/doi/10.1093/jeg/lbac013/6590741.

Résumé : Abstract Global value chain/global production network studies have extensively documented the role of lead firms from the Global North in economic development in the Global South, including as ‘manufacturers without factories’ (MWFs). However, the role of local firms in sourcing from suppliers has been overlooked. In this article, we report the findings of a qualitative study and demonstrate that the local MWFs helped establish India as the leading supplier of pharmaceuticals worldwide and in the Global South. We show how the different types of local MWFs (‘propagandists’, ‘pioneers’, ‘connectors’ and ‘adaptors’) impact the strategic coupling, industrial upgrading and governance in South–South value chains and contribute to regional economic development.

Ravalihasy Andrainolo, Kardaś-Słoma Lidia, Yazdanpanah Yazdan et Ridde Valéry (2022) « Quantitative methods used to evaluate impact of health promotion interventions to prevent HIV infections: a methodological systematic review protocol », Systematic Reviews, 11 (1) (mai 6), p. 87. DOI : 10.1186/s13643-022-01970-z. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-022-01970-z.

Résumé : Combination prevention is currently considered the best approach to combat HIV epidemic. It is based upon the combination of structural, behavioral, and biomedical interventions. Such interventions are frequently implemented in a health-promoting manner due to their aims, the approach that was adopted, and their complexity. The impact evaluation of these interventions often relies on methods inherited from the biomedical field. However, these methods have limitations and should be adapted to be relevant for these complex interventions. This systematic review aims to map the evidence-based methods used to quantify the impact of these interventions and analyze how these methods are implemented.

Mots-clés : Combination HIV prevention, Evidence-based impact evaluation, Health promotion, Mathematical methods, Statistical methods, Study design.

Ridde Valéry, Ba Mouhamadou Faly, Guyot Marion, Kane Babacar, Mbow Ndeye Bineta, Senghor Ibrahima et Faye Adama (2022) « Factors that foster and challenge the sustainability of departmental health insurance units in Senegal », International Social Security Review, 75 (2) (avril), p. 97-117. DOI : 10.1111/issr.12300. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/issr.12300.

Résumé : In an effort to establish universal health coverage (UHC), Senegal set up two departmental health insurance units (UDAM) to scale-up health insurance to rural communities. Part of this innovation meant that health insurance was no longer managed by volunteers, but by professionals. Several years after the conclusion of the project in 2017 that supported their initial development, both UDAMs still operate successfully. This mixed methods research aims to understand the factors that have contributed to the sustainability of both UDAMs, as well as discuss the remaining challenges. The factors deemed favourable to sustainability are actions undertaken to ensure financial stability and organizational risk taking. However, the mobilization of the population, relationships with health professionals and the role of the State have been more difficult to organize. Challenges concern the payment of subsidies and the supply of medicines by the State and partnership with the health care system, the maintenance of contributions, the digitalization of administration, as well as fraud and abuse.

Ridde Valéry et Boidin B. (2022) « La santé comme domaine du développement : un panorama historico-critique : [entretien] », Mondes en Développement, 50 (199-200), p. 215. DOI : 10.3917/med.199.0219. https://hal.science/hal-04033573.

Résumé : Cet entretien analyse la façon dont la thématique de la santé a été abordée dans la revue Mondes en développement et propose une perspective critique des modèles dominants de l'aide dans le domaine de la santé. Au regard des quarante dernières années, la permanence de certaines idées, malgré leur caractère discutable, est mise en évidence. Les échecs des paradigmes dominants et des dispositifs associés n'ont pas débouché sur de véritables réorientations des politiques de santé. Derrière cette réalité sont mis au jour des intérêts stratégiques du côté des experts et des institutions. Pourtant, quelques perspectives se dégagent à travers les expériences de terrain innovantes et l'évaluation réaliste des leviers de réussite et des obstacles rencontrés par les programmes

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Ridde Valery, Carillon Severine, Desgrées du Loû Annabel et Sombié I (2022) « Analyzing implementation of public health interventions : a need for rigor, and the challenges of stakeholder involvement », Revue d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (juillet), p. S0398762022003650. DOI : 10.1016/j.respe.2022.06.001. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0398762022003650.

Résumé : Abstract Objectives This article shows how conceptual models can help to develop and evaluate public health interventions. It also reports on the challenges of getting stakeholders involved. Method The analysis is based on the reflexive approach applied by the authors during their participation in two public health intervention research (PHIR) projects, in France and in Burkina Faso. Results In Paris, PHIR aimed to enable sub-Saharan immigrants to appropriate the existing means of prevention and sexual health care and to strengthen their empowerment in view of preserving their health. Evaluation was carried out using mixed methods. The intervention process theory is based on Ninacs' conceptual model of individual empowerment. The Consolidated Framework For Implementation Research (CFIR) was mobilized a posteriori to analyze the process. PHIR stemmed from collaboration between a research team and two associations. The different stakeholders were involved in the evaluation process, as were, at certain times, persons in highly precarious situations. In Ouagadougou, a community-based dengue vector control intervention was deployed to address an essential but neglected need. As regards evaluation, we opted for a holistic, mixed method approach (effectiveness and process). The contents of the intervention were determined based on tacit knowledge, a community preference survey and solid evidence. The theoretical framework of the intervention consisted in an eco-biological model of vector control. The implementation analysis combined an internal assessment of implementation fidelity with an external CFIR process analysis. All stakeholders were involved in the evaluation process. Discussion Analysis confirmed not only the value of process evaluations in PHIR, but also the primordial importance of a rigorous approach. Stakeholder involvement is a major challenge to be addressed early in the planning of RISPs; with this in mind, effective and ethically sound assessment mechanisms need to be drawn up. Interdisciplinary evaluative approaches should be preferred, and the use of justified, relevant, and flexible frameworks is highly recommended. Conclusion Lessons learned for those wishing to engage in the process evaluation of a public health intervention are hereby presented.

Ridde Valéry et Faye Adama (2022) « Policy response to COVID-19 in Senegal: power, politics, and the choice of policy instruments », Policy Design and Practice (avril 28), p. 1-20. DOI : 10.1080/25741292.2022.2068400. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25741292.2022.2068400.

Résumé : The objective of the paper is to understand how Senegal formulated its policy response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The response was rapid, comprising conventional policy instruments used previously for containing Ebola. The policymaking process involved several agencies, which resulted in significant leadership and coordination problems. In addition, community participation and engagement with relevant scientific communities were limited, despite their recognized importance in fighting medical crises. Instead, international donors had a significant influence on the choice of policy tools. The paper contributes to contemporary thinking on the autonomy of policy instruments-the idea that preferences for policy instruments are stable, independent of the particular policy problems being addressed and goals being pursued-which has recently been applied to policies in Africa. The study calls for a review of how academics, civil society, and decision-makers must collaborate to design public policies and policy tools based on evidence and context, not only politics.

Ridde Valéry et Faye Adama (2022) « Challenges in Implementing the National Health Response to COVID-19 in Senegal », Global Implementation Research and Applications (août 9). DOI : 10.1007/s43477-022-00053-4. https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s43477-022-00053-4.

Résumé : Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa, many epidemiological or anthropological studies have been published. However, few studies have yet been conducted to understand the implementation of State interventions to fight the COVID-19 pandemic. In Senegal, the national response plan was planned before the country experienced its first official case of COVID-19 on 2 March 2020. This qualitative study, conducted in March and April 2021, based on 189 interviews, aims to understand how the national response has been implemented in several regions of Senegal. Implementation of the response to the pandemic was favoured by good preparation, capacity to adapt, responsiveness of health actors, and commitment for both the political and religious authorities. The implementation response was confronted by several constraining factors such as the coercive approach, the challenges of coordinating actors, and the lack of intersectoral response. The central level has sometimes used reflexivity processes to adapt its response, but it has remained highly politicized, centralized, directive, and with little involvement of civil society. In Senegal, the response to the pandemic has been implemented in a relatively political and directive, even coercive manner, without necessarily considering prior knowledge and the need to adapt it to local contexts and to involve civil society and community actors in the process. In 2021, seroprevalence studies of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) in Africa began to

Ridde Valéry, Guillard E. et Faye A. (2022) « Le retour d'"une seule santé" et la santé mondiale : ne reproduisons pas les mêmes erreurs [éditorial] », Médecine Tropicale et Santé Internationale, 2 (3), p. en ligne [8 p.]. DOI : 10.48327/mtsi.v2i3.2022.255. https://hal.science/hal-03924418.

Résumé : La pandémie liée à la COVID-19 a fait redécouvrir le concept d' 'une seule santé' et l'idée que l'animal, l'être humain et l'environnement sont intimement liés. Ce concept n'est pourtant pas nouveau, mais il reste labile, ce qui contribue à créer une certaine confusion. Dans la pratique, les actions de terrain manquent encore cruellement et 'une seule santé' ne parvient pas à intégrer les trois dimensions. Cet éditorial vise ainsi à partager six défis que devra relever la mise en oeuvre de l'approche 'une seule santé 'pour éviter les écueils d'autres initiatives de santé mondiale. Ainsi, les programmes dédiés à une seule santé ne pourront être pertinents et pérennes sans impliquer activement les communautés. En outre, ce déploiement implique une indispensable décolonisation de la santé, c'est-à-dire une remise en cause de la manière dont les programmes sont gouvernés, financés, formulés, mis en oeuvre et évalués, avec et pour les personnes et pays concernés. Elle ne pourra se faire sans s'attaquer aux inégalités sociales de santé et aux enjeux de pouvoir. Cette approche pousse à interroger les modèles d'exploitation des ressources tant agricoles que naturelles. Penser 'une seule santé 'implique de penser les problématiques et les interventions dans une perspective tant intersectorielle, inclusive et participative qu'interdisciplinaire, sinon transdisciplinaire et d'appréhender la complexité qui en résulte. Enfin, il conviendra de prendre en compte l'utilisation des résultats des recherches pour construire les actions et les politiques publiques. Prendre en compte ces différents défis et s'inscrire dans une perspective systémique et interdisciplinaire ancrée dans des contextes locaux selon une démarche participative et inclusive nous paraît ainsi essentiel pour répondre de manière appropriée, pertinente et durable aux enjeux associés à 'une seule santé'.

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Ridde Valery et Hane Fatoumata (2022) « Historical invariants of community health challenges in emergencies in Africa », Sciences Sociales et Santé, 40 (3), p. 29-37. DOI : 10.3917/sss.313.0029.

Ridde Valery et Hane Fatoumata (2022) « Invariants historiques des défis de la santé communautaire face aux urgences en Afrique (Commentaire) », Sciences sociales et santé, 40 (3) (septembre 1), p. 29-37. DOI : 10.1684/sss.2022.0230. https://www.cairn.info/revue-sciences-sociales-et-sante-2022-3-page-29.htm.

Mots-clés : ⚠️ Invalid DOI.

Ridde Valéry, Kane Babacar, Gaye Ibrahima, Ba Mouhamadou Faly, Diallo Amadou, Bonnet Emmanuel, Traoré Zoumana et Faye Adama (2022) « Acceptability of government measures against COVID-19 pandemic in Senegal: A mixed methods study », éd. par Yodi Mahendradhata, PLOS Global Public Health, 2 (4) (avril 25), p. e0000041. DOI : 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000041. https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000041.

Résumé : While the first case of COVID-19 was declared on March 2 2020 in Senegal, the government banned the attendance of places of worship on 14 March, as a first measure. On March 23, it introduced a curfew, a ban on movement between regions, and the closure of markets. The objective of this study is to measure and understand the acceptability of these four governmental measures as well as the level of public trust in the state to fight the pandemic. We carried out a mixed-method research. The acceptability variables were defined using the theoretical framework of acceptability (TFA). At the quantitative level, we carried out a telephone survey (June/July 2020) at the national level (n = 813) with a sampling strategy by marginal quotas. We conducted a qualitative survey (August/September 2020) with a nested sample (n = 30). The results show a relatively high acceptability of the measures but a heterogeneity of responses. People considered curfews to be much more important (85.7% [83.2%; 88.0%]) than the closure of places of worship (55.4%; [51.9%; 58.7%]), which is least in line with the values and positive affective attitude. Several positive unintended effects of the curfew were stated (security and social/family cohesion). People over the age of 60 have more confidence in the government to fight the pandemic than people under the age of 25, although not significant (7.72 ± 3.12 vs. 7.07 ± 3.11, p = 0.1); and they are more in favour of the closure of places of worship. The more regions are affected by the pandemic, the less confidence respondents report in the government and the less they perceive the measures as effective. The results confirm the importance of government communication and trust in the state to strengthen the acceptability of pandemic measures. Important differences in acceptability show the need to adapt measures and their explanations, instead of unqualified universal action.

Ridde Valéry, Kane Babacar, Mbow Ndeye Bineta, Senghor Ibrahima et Faye Adama (2022) « The resilience of two departmental health insurance units during the COVID-19 pandemic in Senegal », BMJ Global Health, 7 (Suppl 9) (décembre 1), p. e010062. DOI : 10.1136/bmjgh-2022-010062. http://gh.bmj.com/content/7/Suppl_9/e010062.abstract.

Résumé : Background In its pursuit of solutions for universal health coverage (UHC), Senegal has set up two departmental health insurance units (UDAMs) since 2014. Few studies on the resilience of health systems in Africa have examined health insurance organisations. This article aims to understand how these two UDAMs have been resilient during the COVID-19 pandemic and the restrictive measures imposed by the State to maintain services to their members and reimbursements to healthcare providers.Methods This study was a multicase study with multiple levels of analysis using a conceptual framework of resilience and analysis of organisational configurations. Empirical data are derived from document analysis, observations for 6 months and 17 qualitative in-depth interviews.Results The results identified three main configurations concerning (1) safety and hygiene, (2) organisation and planning and (3) communication for sustainable payment. The UDAM faced the pandemic with resilience processes to absorb the shock and maintain service to their members. The UDAM learnt positive lessons from crisis management, such as remote work or the ability to support members in their care in hospitals away from their headquarters. They have innovated (transformative resilience) with the organisation of electronic payment and the use of social networks to raise funds and communicate with members. Strengthening their effectiveness after the shock of the departure of the donors in 2017 contributed to the adaptation and even transformation from the pandemic shock of 2020 and 2021. The study shows that leadership, team dynamics and adaptation to contexts are drivers of resilience processes.Conclusion Both UDAMs adapted to the shocks of the pandemic and government measures to maintain the services of their members and their organisational routine. This resilience confirms that UDAMs are one of the possible solutions for UHC in the Sahel.All data relevant to the study are included in the article or uploaded as online supplemental information.

Ridde Valéry et Olivier de Sardan Jean-Pierre (2022) « The Development World: Conflicts of Interest at All Levels », Revue internationale des études du développement, 249 (2), p. 247-269. DOI : 10.4000/ried.1530.

Ridde Valéry et Sardan Jean-Pierre Olivier de (2022) « The Development World: Conflicts of Interest at All Levels », Revue internationale des études du développement (septembre 22). https://hal.ird.fr/ird-03783839.

Résumé : We analyze the multitude of conflicts of interest to which all actors in the development chain are subject. Our aim is to reflect on how the findings of research and evaluations conducted on development interventions of all kinds can be biased as a result. This analysis rests on an inclusive definition of conflict of interest, which exists whenever an actor's public stance is constrained by interests that put pressure on him or her to either express statements that contradict his or her own perceptions or knowledge, or to withhold criticism that he or she would otherwise be prepared to express. We illustrate the analysis with many cases based on our long experience in the field. Identifying problems encountered by a development intervention must be understood as a key step in formulating solutions adapted to local contexts.

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

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Rikap Cecilia (2022) « Becoming an intellectual monopoly by relying on the national innovation system: the State Grid Corporation of China's experience », Research Policy, 51 (4) (mai), p. 104472. DOI : 10.1016/j.respol.2021.104472. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S004873332100264X.

Résumé : This paper examines the origins of global leaders under intellectual monopoly capitalism. State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC), the leading firm in artificial intelligence applications for the energy sector, became an intellectual monopoly relying heavily on China's national innovation system –particularly public research organizations and public funding, and innovation and energy policies. SGCC is unique because it did not rely on technology transfer from global leaders, unlike other national champions from developing or emerging countries. We provide evidence that contributes to thinking that SGCC first became a national intellectual monopoly and only afterwards expanded that monopoly globally. We empirically study SGCC's innovation networks. We proxy them using big data techniques to analyze the content, co-authors and co-owners of its publications and patents. Results also suggest that SGCC is capturing intellectual rents from its increasingly transnational and technologically diverse innovation networks by leveraging its national innovation system.

Rillon Ophélie et Guidi Pierre (2022) « La politisation de l’intime en Afrique », Revue d'histoire, 20 & 21 (151/2021) (janvier 6). https://hal.science/hal-03539584.

Résumé : Comment se façonnent et se délitent les liens intimes dans des contextes de violences étatiques ? C'est ce qu’explorent, au sujet de l’Afrique, les articles rassemblés dans ce dossier. Des années 1940 à nos jours, qu’il s’agisse de ségrégation coloniale, de guerres de libération ou de répressions routinières, les pays étudiés (de l’Afrique du Sud à l’Algérie, de la Guinée au Mali, en passant par le Maroc) sont le théâtre de violences répressives qui, en s’exerçant aussi bien sur les rapports au corps que sur la sexualité, la subjectivité et les affects, prennent l’intime pour champ de bataille privilégié. L’étude de ces contextes montre combien les intimités familiales et conjugales constituent tout à la fois une cible pour les pratiques de répression, un refuge face aux violences exercées et un espace de résistance et de politisation.

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

Snapshot (source)

Robert Emilie, Zongo Sylvie, Rajan Dheepa et Ridde Valéry (2022) « Contributing to collaborative health governance in Africa: a realist evaluation of the Universal Health Coverage Partnership », BMC Health Services Research, 22 (1) (décembre), p. 753. DOI : 10.1186/s12913-022-08120-0. https://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12913-022-08120-0.

Résumé : Abstract Background Policy dialogue, a collaborative governance mechanism, has raised interest among international stakeholders. They see it as a means to strengthen health systems governance and to participate in the development of health policies that support universal health coverage. In this context, WHO has set up the Universal Health Coverage Partnership. This Partnership aims to support health ministries in establishing inclusive, participatory, and evidence-informed policy dialogue. The general purpose of our study is to understand how and in what contexts the Partnership may support policy dialogue and with what outcomes. More specifically, our study aims to answer two questions: 1) How and in what contexts may the Partnership initiate and nurture policy dialogue? 2) How do collaboration dynamics unfold within policy dialogue supported by the Partnership? Methods We conducted a multiple-case study realist evaluation based on Emerson’s integrative framework for collaborative governance to investigate the role of the Partnership in policy dialogue on three policy issues in six sub-Saharan African countries: health financing (Burkina Faso and Democratic Republic of Congo), health planning (Cabo Verde, Niger, and Togo), and aid coordination for health (Liberia). We interviewed 121 key informants, analyzed policy documents, and observed policy dialogue events. Results The Partnership may facilitate the initiation of policy dialogue when: 1) stakeholders feel uncertain about health sector issues and acknowledge their interdependence in responding to such issues, and 2) policy dialogue coincides with their needs and interests. In this context, policy dialogue enables stakeholders to build a shared understanding of issues and of the need for action and encourages collective leadership. However, ministries’ weak ownership of policy dialogue and stakeholders’ lack of confidence in their capacity for joint action hinder their engagement and curb the institutionalization of policy dialogue. Conclusions Development aid actors wishing to support policy dialogue must do so over the long term so that collaborative governance becomes routine and a culture of collaboration has time to grow. Public administrations should develop collaborative governance mechanisms that are transparent and intelligible in order to facilitate stakeholder engagement.

Rudasingwa Martin, De Allegri Manuela, Mphuka Chrispin, Chansa Collins, Yeboah Edmund, Bonnet Emmanuel, Ridde Valéry et Chitah Bona Mukosha (2022) « Universal health coverage and the poor: to what extent are health financing policies making a difference? Evidence from a benefit incidence analysis in Zambia », BMC Public Health, 22 (1) (août 13), p. 1546. DOI : 10.1186/s12889-022-13923-1. https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-022-13923-1.

Résumé : Abstract Background Zambia has invested in several healthcare financing reforms aimed at achieving universal access to health services. Several evaluations have investigated the effects of these reforms on the utilization of health services. However, only one study has assessed the distributional incidence of health spending across different socioeconomic groups, but without differentiating between public and overall health spending and between curative and maternal health services. Our study aims to fill this gap by undertaking a quasi-longitudinal benefit incidence analysis of public and overall health spending between 2006 and 2014. Methods We conducted a Benefit Incidence Analysis (BIA) to measure the socioeconomic inequality of public and overall health spending on curative services and institutional delivery across different health facility typologies at three time points. We combined data from household surveys and National Health Accounts. Results Results showed that public (concentration index of − 0.003; SE 0.027 in 2006 and − 0.207; SE 0.011 in 2014) and overall (0.050; SE 0.033 in 2006 and − 0.169; SE 0.011 in 2014) health spending on curative services tended to benefit the poorer segments of the population while public (0.241; SE 0.018 in 2007 and 0.120; SE 0.007 in 2014) and overall health spending (0.051; SE 0.022 in 2007 and 0.116; SE 0.007 in 2014) on institutional delivery tended to benefit the least-poor. Higher inequalities were observed at higher care levels for both curative and institutional delivery services. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the implementation of UHC policies in Zambia led to a reduction in socioeconomic inequality in health spending, particularly at health centres and for curative care. Further action is needed to address existing barriers for the poor to benefit from health spending on curative services and at higher levels of care.

Rudasingwa Martin, Yeboah Edmund, Ridde Valéry, Bonnet Emmanuel, De Allegri Manuela et Muula Adamson Sinjani (2022) « How equitable is health spending on curative services and institutional delivery in Malawi? Evidence from a quasi-longitudinal benefit incidence analysis », International Journal for Equity in Health, 21 (1) (décembre), p. 25. DOI : 10.1186/s12939-022-01624-5. https://equityhealthj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12939-022-01624-5.

Résumé : Abstract Background Malawi is one of a handful of countries that had resisted the implementation of user fees, showing a commitment to providing free healthcare to its population even before the concept of Universal Health Coverage (UHC) acquired global popularity. Several evaluations have investigated the effects of key policies, such as the essential health package or performance-based financing, in sustaining and expanding access to quality health services in the country. Understanding the distributional impact of health spending over time due to these policies has received limited attention. Our study fills this knowledge gap by assessing the distributional incidence of public and overall health spending between 2004 and 2016. Methods We relied on a Benefit Incidence Analysis (BIA) to measure the socioeconomic inequality of public and overall health spending on curative services and institutional delivery across different health facility typologies. We used data from household surveys and National Health Accounts. We used a concentration index (CI) to determine the health benefits accrued by each socioeconomic group. Results Socioeconomic inequality in both public and overall health spending substantially decreased over time, with higher inequality observed in overall spending, non-public health facilities, curative health services, and at higher levels of care. Between 2004 and 2016, the inequality in public spending on curative services decreased from a CI of 0.037 (SE 0.013) to a CI of 0.004 (SE 0.011). Whiles, it decreased from a CI of 0.084 (SE 0.014) to a CI of 0.068 (SE 0.015) for overall spending in the same period. For institutional delivery, inequality in public and overall spending decreased between 2004 and 2016 from a CI of 0.032 (SE 0.028) to a CI of -0.057 (SE 0.014) and from a CI of 0.036 (SE 0.022) to a CI of 0.028 (SE 0.018), respectively. Conclusions Through its free healthcare policy, Malawi has reduced socioeconomic inequality in health spending over time, but some challenges still need to be addressed to achieve a truly egalitarian health system. Our findings indicate a need to increase public funding for the health sector to ensure access to care and financial protection.

Rungreangkulkij Somporn, Ratinthorn Ameporn, Lumbiganon Pisake, Zahroh Rana Islamiah, Hanson Claudia, Dumont Alexandre, de Loenzien Myriam, Betrán Ana Pilar et Bohren Meghan A. (2022) « Factors influencing the implementation of labour companionship: formative qualitative research in Thailand », BMJ Open, 12 (5) (mai 1), p. e054946. DOI : 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054946. http://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/5/e054946.abstract.

Résumé : Introduction WHO recommends that all women have the option to have a companion of their choice throughout labour and childbirth. Despite clear benefits of labour companionship, including better birth experiences and reduced caesarean section, labour companionship is not universally implemented. In Thailand, there are no policies for public hospitals to support companionship. This study aims to understand factors affecting implementation of labour companionship in Thailand.Methods This is formative qualitative research to inform the ‘Appropriate use of caesarean section through QUALIty DECision-making by women and providers’ (QUALI-DEC) study, to design, adapt and implement a strategy to optimise use of caesarean section. We use in-depth interviews and readiness assessments to explore perceptions of healthcare providers, women and potential companions about labour companionship in eight Thai public hospitals. Qualitative data were analysed using thematic analysis, and narrative summaries of the readiness assessment were generated. Factors potentially affecting implementation were mapped to the Capability, Opportunity, and Motivation behaviour change model (COM-B).Results 127 qualitative interviews and eight readiness assessments are included in this analysis. The qualitative findings were grouped in four themes: benefits of labour companions, roles of labour companions, training for labour companions and factors affecting implementation. The findings showed that healthcare providers, women and their relatives all had positive attitudes towards having labour companions. The readiness assessment highlighted implementation challenges related to training the companion, physical space constraints, overcrowding and facility policies, reiterated by the qualitative reports.Discussion If labour companions are well-trained on how to best support women, help them to manage pain and engage with healthcare teams, it may be a feasible intervention to implement in Thailand. However, key barriers to introducing labour companionship must be addressed to maximise the likelihood of success mainly related to training and space. These findings will be integrated into the QUALI-DEC implementation strategies.Data are available on reasonable request. Data are available on reasonable request from the corresponding author.

Sabapathy K., Balzer L., Larmarange Joseph, Block L., Floyd S., Iwuji C., Wirth K., Ayles H., Fidler S., Kamya M., Petersen M., Havlir D., Dabis F., Moore J. et Hayes R. (2022) « Achieving the UNAIDS 90–90-90 targets: a comparative analysis of four large community randomised trials delivering universal testing and treatment to reduce HIV transmission in sub-Saharan Africa », BMC Public Health, 22 (1) (décembre 13), p. 2333. DOI : 10.1186/s12889-022-14713-5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14713-5.

Résumé : Four large community-randomized trials examining universal testing and treatment (UTT) to reduce HIV transmission were conducted between 2012–2018 in Botswana, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia and South Africa. In 2014, the UNAIDS 90–90-90 targets were adopted as a useful metric to monitor coverage. We systematically review the approaches used by the trials to measure intervention delivery, and estimate coverage against the 90–90-90 targets. We aim to provide in-depth understanding of the background contexts and complexities that affect estimation of population-level coverage related to the 90–90-90 targets.

Mots-clés : Antiretroviral treatment, HIV, Treatment as Prevention, UNAIDS 90-90-90, Universal Testing and Treatment.

Sabapathy et al. - 2022 - Achieving the UNAIDS 90–90-90 targets a comparati.pdf 2.1 Mio (source)

Salje Henrik, Kyungah Lim Jacqueline, Ridde Valery, Todagbe Agnandji Selidji, Lell Bertrand, Yaro Seydou, Seung Yang Jae, Hoinard Damien, Weaver Scott, Vanhomwegen Jessica et Yoon In-Kyu (2022) « Seroepidemiological reconstruction of long-term chikungunya virus circulation in Burkina Faso and Gabon », Journal of Infectious Diseases (juin 15). DOI : 10.17863/CAM.85546. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/338137.

Résumé : Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a major public health concern worldwide. However, infection levels are rarely known, especially in Africa. We recruited individuals from Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso and Lambaréné, Gabon (age range: 1-55), tested their blood for CHIKV antibodies and used serocatalytic models to reconstruct epidemiological histories. In Ouagadougou, 291/999 (29.1%) individuals were seropositive, ranging from 2% among those <10y to 66% in those 40-55y. We estimated there were 7 outbreaks since the 1970s but none since 2001 resulting in 600,000 infections in the city, none of which were reported. However, we could not definitively conclude whether infections were due to CHIKV or o’nyong-nyong, another alphavirus. In Lambaréné, 117/427 (27%) participants were seropositive. Our model identified a single outbreak sometime since 2007, consistent with the only reported CHIKV outbreak in the country. These findings suggest sporadic outbreaks in these settings and that the burden remains undetected or incorrectly attributed.

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<h2>Other</h2> European Research Council

Samadoulougou Sekou, Negatou Mariamawit, Ngawisiri Calypse, Ridde Valery et Kirakoya-Samadoulougou Fati (2022) « Effect of the free healthcare policy on socioeconomic inequalities in care seeking for fever in children under five years in Burkina Faso: a population-based surveys analysis », International Journal for Equity in Health, 21 (1) (septembre 1), p. 124. DOI : 10.1186/s12939-022-01732-2.

Résumé : BACKGROUND: In 2016, Burkina Faso implemented a free healthcare policy as an initiative to remove user fees for women and under-5 children to improve access to healthcare. Socioeconomic inequalities create disparities in the use of health services which can be reduced by removing user fees. This study aimed to assess the effect of the free healthcare policy (FHCP) on the reduction of socioeconomic inequalities in the use of health services in Burkina Faso. METHODS: Data were obtained from three nationally representative population based surveys of 2958, 2617, and 1220 under-5 children with febrile illness in 2010, 2014, and 2017-18 respectively. Concentration curves were constructed for the periods before and after policy implementation to assess socioeconomic inequalities in healthcare seeking. In addition, Erreyger's corrected concentration indices were computed to determine the magnitude of these inequalities. RESULTS: Prior to the implementation of the FHCP, inequalities in healthcare seeking for febrile illnesses in under-5 children favoured wealthier households [Erreyger's concentration index = 0.196 (SE = 0.039, p = 0.039) and 0.178 (SE = 0.039, p < 0.001) in 2010 and 2014, respectively]. These inequalities decreased after policy implementation in 2017-18 [Concentration Index (CI) = 0.091, SE = 0.041; p = 0.026]. Furthermore, existing pro-rich disparities in healthcare seeking between regions before the implementation of the FHCP diminished after its implementation, with five regions having a high CI in 2010 (0.093-0.208), four regions in 2014, and no region in 2017 with such high CI. In 2017-18, pro-rich inequalities were observed in ten regions (CI:0.007-0.091),whereas in three regions (Plateau Central, Centre, and Cascades), the CI was negative indicating that healthcare seeking was in favour of poorest households. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that socioeconomic inequalities for under-5 children with febrile illness seeking healthcare in Burkina Faso reduced considerably following the implementation of the free healthcare policy. To reinforce the reduction of these disparities, policymakers should maintain the policy and focus on tackling geographical, cultural, and social barriers, especially in regions where healthcare seeking still favours rich households.

PubMed entry

Sauvegrain P, Schantz Clemence, Gaucher L et Chantry AA (2022) « Avenues for measuring and characterising violence in perinatal care to improve its prevention: a position paper with a proposal by the National College of French Midwives », Midwifery (octobre 26), p. 103520. DOI : 10.1016/j.midw.2022.103520. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0266613822002716.

Résumé : Background France is somewhat behind other countries in its consideration of the issue of violence in perinatal care. Its consequences on maternal, but also neonatal and infant health are recognised internationally. Nonetheless, research and data measuring its frequency and its determinants are inadequate, and the relevant definitions are not always consensual. In this context, we, as midwives and researchers in public health and as members of the National College of French Midwives, seek to propose a scientific and clinical contribution to this debate. Aim We propose avenues for measuring and characterising violence in in perinatal care. Our objective is to quantify and characterise the situations of violence in perinatal care in population-based studies and based on the perceptions of each woman questioned. Discussion This proposal for questions, simplified compared with those currently in use in the international scientific literature, has the advantage of focusing reflection around three categories: inappropriate medical care, inappropriate human behaviours in care, and sexual abuse. It should also allow the identification of the contexts of care during which violence may be experienced, as well as the categories of health-care workers concerned. Conclusion It seems important to us to distinguish these situations, causal and context, for they require different responses if we hope to reduce the frequency and the effects of violence in perinatal care in the future. We propose questions that could also be used in clinical situations by midwives and other clinicians.

Mots-clés : Classification, Observational studies, Obstetric care, Prevention, violence in perinatal care, Women's opinion.

Schantz Clémence, Baxerres Carine et Aboubakar Moufalilou (2022) « Humaniser l’accouchement au Bénin ? Retour sur l’échec d’un projet de la coopération japonaise », Anthropologie et Santé, 24 (mai 31). DOI : 10.4000/anthropologiesante.11560. http://journals.openedition.org/anthropologiesante/11560.

Résumé : Depuis les années 1970, des mouvements militants internationaux dénoncent une approche médico- et techno-centrée de la naissance. En réponse à cette « techno-bio-médicalisation », le concept d’« accouchement humanisé » a émergé dans les années 1990 en Amérique latine puis s’est globalisé. Cet article propose d’analyser l’échec d’un projet japonais d’accouchement humanisé dans une maternité au Bénin. Sur la base d’observations participantes et d’entretiens, nous montrons que la proposition des actrices et acteurs du développement japonais se heurte à une forte incorporation de la « science obstétricale » par les soignant·e·s, et plus particulièrement par les sages-femmes béninoises. Plus précisément, en interdisant la présence d’un·e accompagnant·e auprès de la femme qui accouche et en refusant que celle-ci adopte une position autre que la position gynécologique, les sages-femmes reproduisent le modèle obstétrical dominant au détriment du confort et du bien-être des femmes. Haut de page ENTRÉES D’INDEX Mots-clés : biomédicalisation, biotechnologies, humanisation de l’accouchement, Bénin, Japon Keywords: biomedicalization, technology, humanization, childbirth, Japan, Benin

Texte intégral 394.8 kio (source)

Schantz Clémence, Diarra Idrissa, Traoré Alassane, Traoré Bakary Abou, Chabrol Fanny et Sogoba Sanata (2022) « Radiothérapie et lutte contre les cancers : défis de maintenance de l’unique accélérateur linéaire à l’Hôpital du Mali: », Santé Publique, Vol. 34 (3) (décembre 19), p. 425-428. DOI : 10.3917/spub.223.0425. https://www.cairn.info/revue-sante-publique-2022-3-page-425.htm?ref=doi.

Résumé : Les taux d’incidence et de mortalité par cancers ne cessent d’augmenter en Afrique de l’Ouest. La cancérologie est une discipline récente au Mali et les moyens disponibles pour traiter les malades sont insuffisants. Le Mali compte un unique appareil de radiothérapie pour le pays et ses dysfonctionnements sont régulièrement relayés par les médias. Afin de comprendre les insatisfactions récurrentes liées à l’accès à la radiothérapie au Mali, nous avons retracé l’historique de cet appareil et en avons décrit le fonctionnement. À partir d’entretiens semi-directifs menés avec des associations de patientes et des professionnels de santé impliqués en cancérologie à Bamako, nous décrivons la façon dont l’appareil de radiothérapie du Mali révèle des enjeux de santé mondiale à travers l’intervention de nombreuses coopérations internationales. De façon complémentaire, et à partir d’une collecte de données sur registres médicaux et de rapports institutionnels, nous signalons que la durée moyenne pour obtenir un rendez-vous en radiothérapie est de trois à six mois au Mali, mais aussi que l’appareil de radiothérapie a fait face à 198 pannes entre le 3 avril 2014 et le 24 septembre 2021, ce qui représente plus de 54 semaines d’arrêts cumulés. La radiothérapie est un élément crucial de la prise en charge des cancers, et le manque d’accès à ce traitement aggrave le pronostic vital des malades. Alors que le gouvernement malien s’est engagé dans des réformes de couverture santé universelle, le renforcement des infrastructures de traitement des cancers doit également être considéré comme une priorité de santé publique pour le Mali.

Schantz Clémence, Rozée Virginie et Molinier Pascale (2022) « Introduction: Un nouvel axe de recherche pour les études de genre, un nouveau défi pour le soin et la société », Cahiers du Genre, 71 (2) (mars 7), p. 5-24. DOI : 10.3917/cdge.071.0005. https://www.cairn.info/revue-cahiers-du-genre-2021-2-page-5.htm?ref=doi.

Résumé : Les violences obstétricales constituent un nouvel axe de recherche pour analyser l’expérience et le vécu de certaines femmes lors de leur suivi médical de grossesse et de leur accouchement. Si ce concept est utilisé par des chercheur·es et des militant·es en Amérique latine depuis les années 2000, ce n’est qu’à partir des années 2010 qu’il est repris en Europe et notamment en France, en particulier sur les réseaux sociaux. Le concept de « violences obstétricales » entend dénoncer différentes pratiques telles que l’absence de consentement, l’insuffisance de communication, de respect de la pudeur ou de prise en compte de la douleur, au cours d’actes médicaux parfois non médicalement justifiés (certaines césariennes ou épisiotomies, par exemple). Mais ce concept est loin de faire l’unanimité dans l’espace public et politique.

Schultz Émilien, Atlani-Duault Laëtitia, Peretti-Watel Patrick et Ward Jeremy K. (2022) « Does the public know when a scientific controversy is over? Public perceptions of hydroxychloroquine in France between April 2020 and June 2021 », Therapies, 77 (5) (septembre), p. 591-602. DOI : 10.1016/j.therap.2022.01.008. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0040595722000105.

Résumé : Objectives In the early stages of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, chloroquine and its derivatives such as hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) were widely commented upon both within the scientific community and in the media. This paper explores the different factors that influenced public perceptions in France of the efficacy of HCQ as well as their evolution between April 2020 and June 2021. Methods This article draws on 5 surveys conducted among representative samples of the French population (projects COCONEL and TRACTRUST; quota method, n = 1006; 1004; 2006; 1014 and 1005). We asked questions on the effectiveness of chloroquine against COVID-19. We also collected sociodemographic variables and attitudes toward politics and science. Results Between April and June 2021, the proportion of respondents who believed in the efficacy of HCQ decreased rapidly from 35% to 14%. The proportion of respondents who believed that HCQ is ineffective rose gradually from 6% to 21%. After adjusting for the temporal effect, the logistic regression showed a very strong association between political orientation and the belief in the efficacy of HCQ. Respondents who felt closest to the more radical parties (far-right and far-left) were more likely to believe in the efficacy of HCQ than those who felt closest to the political center (O.R. 2.48 [1.95–3.15] and 1.87 [1.44–2.43]). The role of trust in the government and in science and of the degree of political engagement were investigated in the two waves conducted after the scientific consensus was established during the summer of 2020. High levels of trust in the government and in science and of politicization are associated with belief of HCQ proven inefficacy. Across the whole period, a majority of respondents were uncertain. Even in 2021, 41.5% stated that the data were insufficient to decide whether or not HCQ is effective and 25.2% stating that they did not know. Conclusion Because media coverage of scientific controversies is higher in times of uncertainty than after these controversies have died down, the publicization of therapeutic promises can have lasting consequences on attitudes towards science and medicine.

Schultz Émilien, Touzani Rajae, Mancini Julien et Ward Jeremy K. (2022) « From contact tracing to COVID-19 pass holder; the tortured journey of the French TousAntiCovid contact tracing app », Public Health, 206 (mai), p. 5-7. DOI : 10.1016/j.puhe.2022.02.009. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0033350622000579.

Résumé : Objectives: Our study aimed to provide an updated overview of the use of the French contact tracing application, TousAntiCovid, and identify evolutions since the beginning of the pandemic. Study design: We conducted a survey study on a representative sample of the French adult population. Methods: Our data were collected by the Obervatoire Re = gional de la Sante = (ORS) using a selfadministered online questionnaire. This was completed by a sample of 2,022 people stratified to match French official census statistics for gender, age, occupation, and area of housing. We conducted statistical analysis using Python (Pandas Scipy Statsmodels) with chi-squared and Wilcoxon rank sum tests to control for statistical significance. Results: A small majority of respondents used TousAntiCovid (55.5%), while 41.0% had never downloaded it. Only one-quarter of the respondents (23.3%) used it for contact tracing with Bluetooth, while a third (32.2%) used it only for storing their health pass. The app's use increased with education level, income, and younger age. A large majority (85%) of non-vaccinated respondents had never downloaded TousAntiCovid. Conclusion: Our results suggest that the role and use of France's official COVID-19 app TousAntiCovid has evolved in line with the government's strategy; while initially focusing on contact tracing, its development has led to the possibility to store test and vaccination documentation. The survey also confirmed previous results pointing to the lasting differences in socio-economic status in terms of adoption of the app. This is problematic because the long-term nature of the pandemic could require the government to keep a range of strategies open, including contact tracing. Public discussion of the current and future roles of the French contact tracing app is therefore needed. (c) 2022 The Royal Society for Public Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Serviant-Fine Thibaut (2022) « Strange Blood. The Rise and Fall of Lamb Blood Transfusion in 19th Century Medicine and Beyond », NUNCIUS-JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE, 37 (2) (juin), p. 498-500. DOI : 10.1163/1S253911-20221005.

Mots-clés : ⚠️ Invalid DOI.

Sidibé Cheick S., Becquet Valentine, Brückner Tanya Y., Touré Ousmane, Traoré Lalla Fatouma, Broerse Jacqueline E. W. et Dieleman Marjolein (2022) « Adoption of harmonisation policy for the midwives’ training programme in Mali: A policy analysis », PLOS Global Public Health, 2 (11) (novembre 29), p. e0001296. DOI : 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001296. https://journals.plos.org/globalpublichealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgph.0001296.

Résumé : West Africa is engaged in a process of harmonising health workers’ training programmes as a means to regulate regional training standards and thus improve their quality. There is currently a lack of documented information regarding the adoption of these revised training programmes. In 2012 a harmonised programme, the WAHO competency-based curriculum, was introduced in Mali for training midwives. The present study explores the barriers and facilitators of the adoption of this programme and how the content, context, process, and actor-related factors influenced this. We used a qualitative research design consisting of document analysis (n = 25) and semi-structured interviews (n = 21) with policymakers, students, and those in charge of implementing the training programme. Information was collected on education and training policies, the context and process of the harmonised curriculum development, its adoption, and the actors involved in the adoption strategy, along with their role. The study shows that the adoption of the harmonised curriculum in Mali offered midwives an opportunity to attain a higher standard of training and level of qualification than before. It also displayed both the government’s and the public school’s willingness and commitment to improve maternal and child health through enhancing midwives’ training standards. The most salient factors that influenced adoption were the lack of available resources, and the lack of involvement of, and coordination with, relevant actors for successful policy adoption. Mali’s experience of adopting the harmonisation policy of training curricula demonstrates the need for the authorities to collaborate with relevant actors for information dissemination and in the adoption process. It also demonstrates the need for finding innovative ways to secure and diversify funding opportunities, as well as establish a supervisory body for health worker training.

Mots-clés : Employment, Finance, Graduates, Health care policy, Mali, Midwives, Salaries, Schools.

Simo Fotso Arlette, Johnson Cheryl, Vautier Anthony, Kouamé Konan Blaise, Diop Papa Moussa, Silhol Romain, Maheu-Giroux Mathieu, Boily Marie-Claude, Rouveau Nicolas, Doumenc-Aïdara Clémence, Baggaley Rachel, Ehui Eboi, Larmarange Joseph et for the ATLAS Team (2022) « Routine programmatic data show a positive population-level impact of HIV self-testing: the case of Côte d’Ivoire and implications for implementation », AIDS, 36 (13) (septembre 29), p. 1871–1879. DOI : 10.1097/QAD.0000000000003328. https://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2022/11010/Routine_programmatic_data_show_a_positive.15.aspx.

Résumé : Objectives: We estimate the effects of ATLAS's HIV self-testing (HIVST) kit distribution on conventional HIV testing, diagnoses, and antiretroviral treatment (ART) initiations in Côte d’Ivoire. Design: Ecological study using routinely collected HIV testing services program data. Methods: We used the ATLAS's programmatic data recorded between the third quarter of 2019 and the first quarter of 2021, in addition to data from the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief dashboard. We performed ecological time series regression using linear mixed models. Results are presented per 1000 HIVST kits distributed through ATLAS. Results: We found a negative but nonsignificant effect of the number of ATLAS’ distributed HIVST kits on conventional testing uptake (−190 conventional tests; 95% confidence interval [CI]: −427 to 37). The relationship between the number of HIVST kits and HIV diagnoses was significant and positive (+8 diagnosis; 95% CI: 0 to 15). No effect was observed on ART initiation (−2 ART initiations; 95% CI: −8 to 5). Conclusions: ATLAS’ HIVST kit distribution had a positive impact on HIV diagnoses. Despite the negative signal on conventional testing, even if only 20% of distributed kits are used, HIVST would increase access to testing. The methodology used in this paper offers a promising way to leverage routinely collected programmatic data to estimate the effects of HIVST kit distribution in real-world programs.

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Simo Fotso et al. - 2022 - Routine programmatic data show a positive populati.pdf 1.2 Mio (source)

Simo Fotso Arlette, Kra Arsène Kouassi, Maheu-Giroux Mathieu, Boye Sokhna, d’Elbée Marc, Ky-zerbo Odette, Rouveau Nicolas, N’Guessan Noel Kouassi, Geoffroy Olivier, Vautier Anthony, Larmarange Joseph et for the ATLAS Team (2022) « Is it possible to recruit HIV self-test users for an anonymous phone-based survey using passive recruitment without financial incentives? Lessons learned from a pilot study in Côte d’Ivoire », Pilot and Feasibility Studies, 8 (4) (janvier 6), p. 1-7. DOI : 10.1186/s40814-021-00965-2. https://pilotfeasibilitystudies.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40814-021-00965-2.

Résumé : Background: Due to the discreet and private nature of HIV self-testing (HIVST), it is particularly challenging to moni‑tor and assess the impacts of this testing strategy. To overcome this challenge, we conducted a study in Côte d’Ivoire to characterize the profile of end users of HIVST kits distributed through the ATLAS project (AutoTest VIH, Libre d’Accéder à la connaissance de son Statut). Feasibility was assessed using a pilot phone-based survey. Methods: The ATLAS project aims to distribute 221300 HIVST kits in Côte d’Ivoire from 2019 to 2021 through both primary (e.g., direct distribution to primary users) and secondary distribution (e.g., for partner testing). The pilot survey used a passive recruitment strategy—whereby participants voluntarily called a toll-free survey phone number—to enrol participants. The survey was promoted through a sticker on the HIVST instruction leaflet and hotline invitations and informal promotion by HIVST kit-dispensing agents. Importantly, participation was not financially incentivized, even though surveys focussed on key populations usually use incentives in this context. Results: After a 7-month period in which 25,000 HIVST kits were distributed, only 42 questionnaires were completed. Nevertheless, the survey collected data from users receiving HIVST kits via both primary and secondary distribution (69% and 31%, respectively). Conclusion: This paper provides guidance on how to improve the design of future surveys of this type. It discusses the need to financial incentivize participation, to reorganize the questionnaire, the importance of better informing and training stakeholders involved in the distribution of HIVST, and the use of flyers to increase the enrolment of users reached through secondary distribution.

Simo Fotso et al. - 2022 - Is it possible to recruit HIV self-test users for .pdf 1.9 Mio

Tanguy-Domingos Simonella (2022) « Du « confiage » traditionnel d’enfant à l’adoption internationale: Les transformations autour du placement d’enfants au Bénin », Annales de démographie historique, 142 (2) (janvier 18), p. 165-194. DOI : 10.3917/adh.142.0165. https://www.cairn.info/revue-annales-de-demographie-historique-2021-2-page-165.htm?ref=doi.

Résumé : La circulation des enfants d’une famille à l’autre est une pratique que l’on retrouve dans la plupart des sociétés africaines. L’adoption dans son acception moderne s’est progressivement implantée dans les pays africains, notamment au Bénin où différentes formes de placements d’enfants ont jusque-là été utilisées pour répondre aux normes de solidarité en vigueur. Cet article retrace l’historicité des pratiques adoptives et assimilées dans un contexte social marqué par une vision biologiste de la filiation, sous l’influence de la globalisation et des transformations sociopolitiques internes.

Traoré Metogara, Badiane Kéba, Vautier Anthony, Simo Fotso Arlette, Kanku Kabemba Odé, Rouveau Nicolas, Maheu-Giroux Mathieu, Boily Marie-Claude, Larmarange Joseph, Terris-Prestholt Fern, d’Elbée Marc et for the ATLAS Team (2022) « Economic analysis of low volume interventions using real-world data: Costs of HIV self-testing distribution and HIV testing services in west Africa from the ATLAS project », Frontiers in Health Services, 2 (juin 27), p. 886513. DOI : 10.3389/frhs.2022.886513. https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/frhs.2022.886513.

Résumé : Achieving the first 95 of the UNAIDS targets requires the implementation of innovative approaches to knowing one's HIV status. Among these innovations is the provision of HIV self-testing (HIVST) kits in west Africa by the international partner organization Solthis (IPO). In order to provide guidance for the optimal use of financial resources, this study aims to estimate the program and site level costs of dispensing HIVST as well as HIV testing services (HTS) - excluding HIVST - in health facilities in Côte d'Ivoire, Mali and Senegal as part of the ATLAS project. We estimated from the provider’s perspective, HIVST and HTS incremental costs using top-down and bottom-up costing approaches and conducted a time and motion study. We identified costs at the program level for HIVST (including IPO central costs) and at the site level for HIVST and HTS. The economic costs of distributing HIVST kits were assessed in 37 health facilities between July 2019 and March 2021 (21 months). Sensitivity analyses were also performed on unit costs to examine the robustness of our estimates related to key assumptions. In total, 16,001 HIVST kits were dispensed for 32,194 HTS sessions carried out. Program level HIVST average costs ranged $12-$286, whereas site level costs ranged $4-$26 across distribution channels and countries. Site level HTS costs ranged $7-$8 per testing session, and ranged $72-$705 per HIV diagnosis. Across countries and channels, HIVST costs were driven by personnel (27%-68%) and HIVST kits (32%-73%) costs. The drivers of HTS costs were personnel costs ranging between 65% and 71% of total costs across distribution channels and countries, followed by supplies costs between 21% and 30%. While program level HIVST average costs were high, site level HIVST average costs remained comparable to HTS costs in all countries. Health facility-based distribution channels operating at low volume exhibit high proportion of central costs which should be considered carefully for financial planning when run alongside high volumes mobile outreach distribution channels. HIVST can diversify the HIV testing offer at health facilities, thus improving access to screening for target populations not reached by HTS services.

Traoré et al. - 2022 - Economic analysis of low volume interventions usin.pdf 979 kio (source)

Warszawski Josiane, Meyer Laurence, Franck Jeanna-Eve, Rahib Delphine, Lydié Nathalie, Gosselin Anne, Counil Emilie, Kreling Robin, Novelli Sophie, Slama Remy, Raynaud Philippe, Bagein Guillaume, Costemalle Vianney, Sillard Patrick, Fourie Toscane, Lamballerie Xavier de, Bajos Nathalie et Team Epicov (2022) « Trends in social exposure to SARS-Cov-2 in France. Evidence from the national socio-epidemiological cohort–EPICOV », PLOS ONE, 17 (5) (mai 22), p. e0267725. DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0267725. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0267725.

Résumé : Background We aimed to study whether social patterns of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 infection changed in France throughout the year 2020, in light to the easing of social contact restrictions. Methods A population-based cohort of individuals aged 15 years or over was randomly selected from the national tax register to collect socio-economic data, migration history, and living conditions in May and November 2020. Home self-sampling on dried blood was proposed to a 10% random subsample in May and to all in November. A positive anti-SARS-CoV-2 ELISA IgG result against the virus spike protein (ELISA-S) was the primary outcome. The design, including sampling and post-stratification weights, was taken into account in univariate and multivariate analyses. Results Of the 134,391 participants in May, 107,759 completed the second questionnaire in November, and respectively 12,114 and 63,524 were tested. The national ELISA-S seroprevalence was 4.5% [95%CI: 4.0%-5.1%] in May and 6.2% [5.9%-6.6%] in November. It increased markedly in 18-24-year-old population from 4.8% to 10.0%, and among second-generation immigrants from outside Europe from 5.9% to 14.4%. This group remained strongly associated with seropositivity in November, after controlling for any contextual or individual variables, with an adjusted OR of 2.1 [1.7–2.7], compared to the majority population. In both periods, seroprevalence remained higher in healthcare professions than in other occupations. Conclusion The risk of Covid-19 infection increased among young people and second-generation migrants between the first and second epidemic waves, in a context of less strict social restrictions, which seems to have reinforced territorialized socialization among peers.

Mots-clés : Body weight, COVID 19, Europe, France, Medical risk factors, Professions, SARS CoV 2, Virus testing.

Wihtol de Wenden Catherine et Touré Niandou (2022) « Cartographier et représenter les migrations », Migrations Société, 34 (187) (mars 30), p. 90. https://hal-sciencespo.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03624797.

Résumé : Ce dossier s’intéresse aux enjeux de la cartographie et de diverses autres formes de représentation des migrations. Il réunit les contributions de plusieurs auteurs dont certains ont eux-mêmes publié un atlas des migrations, avec une diversité d’approches et d’échelles, dans le temps et l’espace, permettant d’appréhender le phénomène migratoire.

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

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Zemirli Zohra Aziadé (2022) « La diversité religieuse dans l’attribution du droit de garde en droit algérien », Revue du droit des religions, 14 (novembre 15), p. 109-123. DOI : 10.4000/rdr.1879. https://journals.openedition.org/rdr/1879.

Résumé : L’article se propose d’analyser l’attribution de la garde en cas de dissolution d’un mariage interreligieux par les tribunaux algériens. Si le droit de garde n’est pas conditionné par la religion du gardien ou de la gardienne, le Code de la famille algérien prévoit que l’enfant soit éduqué dans la religion de son père. Il s’agit d’envisager successivement les décisions des tribunaux et notamment de la Cour suprême lorsque la mère est non-musulmane lors de la formation du mariage puis si elle devient non-musulmane au cours de celui-ci, par conversion et/ou apostasie. L’autre cas de figure envisagé est celui du père qui devient apostat en posant la question de savoir si son enfant peut être éduqué dans sa nouvelle religion et s’il peut obtenir le droit de garde de celui-ci.

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