Références bibliographiques

Al Dahdah Marine et Quet Mathieu (2020) « Between Tech and Trade, the Digital Turn in Development Policies », Development, 63 (2-4) (décembre), p. 219-225. DOI : 10.1057/s41301-020-00272-y. http://link.springer.com/10.1057/s41301-020-00272-y.

Albornoz María Belén et Chavez Henry (2020) « De la gestión algorítmica del trabajo a la huelga 4.0 », Mundos Plurales - Revista Latinoamericana de Políticas y Acción Pública, 7 (2) (novembre 13), p. 43-54. DOI : 10/gnc7hj. https://revistas.flacsoandes.edu.ec/mundosplurales/article/view/4848.

Résumé : Resumen Las tecnologías digitales están creando importantes retos para los agentes económicos y los decisores. En este contexto, las plataformas digitales se han convertido en nuevas oportunidades de trabajo y están reestructurando los mercados financieros y laborales. De la mano de esta ventana de oportunidad vienen también condiciones de precariedad e indefensión para los trabajadores, quienes deben enfrentar condiciones de trabajo volátiles, ausencia de beneficios sociales y condiciones de explotación. Este artículo da cuenta de los cambios unilaterales en los términos y condiciones de trabajo en las plataformas digitales y las formas de resistencia y organización con la que responden los trabajadores para reclamar el derecho a un trabajo justo. Esta investigación es parte del proyecto Fairwork y utiliza una aproximación etnográfica que incluye diez entrevistas en profundidad y cuarenta y seis entrevistas semiestructuradas a trabajadores y administradores de plataformas digitales.

Mots-clés : algoritmos, Ciencias Sociales, economía digital, huelgas, Journal, plataformas, Políticas y Asuntos Públicos latinoamericanos, Revista Académica, trabajo justo.

Althabe Fernando, Therrien Michelle N.S., Pingray Veronica, Hermida Jorge, Gülmezoglu Ahmet M., Armbruster Deborah, Singh Neelima, Guha Moytrayee, Garg Lorraine F., Souza Joao P., Smith Jeffrey M., Winikoff Beverly, Thapa Kusum, Hébert Emmanuelle, Liljestrand Jerker, Downe Soo, Garcia Elorrio Ezequiel, Arulkumaran Sabaratnam, Byaruhanga Emmanuel K., Lissauer David M., Oguttu Monica, Dumont Alexandre, Escobar Maria F., Fuchtner Carlos, Lumbiganon Pisake, Burke Thomas F. et Miller Suellen (2020) « Postpartum hemorrhage care bundles to improve adherence to guidelines: A WHO technical consultation », International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 148 (3) (mars), p. 290-299. DOI : 10.1002/ijgo.13028. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ijgo.13028.

Résumé : Objective: To systematically develop evidence-based bundles for care of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH). Methods: An international technical consultation was conducted in 2017 to develop draft bundles of clinical interventions for PPH taken from the WHO's 2012 and 2017 PPH recommendations and based on the validated “GRADE Evidence-to-Decision” framework. Twenty-three global maternal-health experts participated in the develop- ment process, which was informed by a systematic literature search on bundle defi- nitions, designs, and implementation experiences. Over a 6-month period, the expert panel met online and via teleconferences, culminating in a 2-day in-person meeting. Results: The consultation led to the definition of two care bundles for facility imple- mentation. The “first response to PPH bundle” comprises uterotonics, isotonic crystal- loids, tranexamic acid, and uterine massage. The “response to refractory PPH bundle” comprises compressive measures (aortic or bimanual uterine compression), the non- pneumatic antishock garment, and intrauterine balloon tamponade (IBT). Advocacy, training, teamwork, communication, and use of best clinical practices were defined as PPH bundle supporting elements. Conclusion: For the first response bundle, further research should assess its feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness; and identify optimal implementation strategies. For the response to refractory bundle, further research should address pending controversies, including the operational definition of refractory PPH and effectiveness of IBT devices. KEYWORDS Aortic compression; Bimanual compression; Intrauterine balloon tamponade; Non-pneumatic antishock garment; Obstetric hemorrhage; Patient care bundles; Postpartum hemorrhage; Tranexamic acid; Uterotonics

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Ante-Testard Pearl Anne, Benmarhnia Tarik, Bekelynck Anne, Baggaley Rachel, Ouattara Eric, Temime Laura et Jean Kévin (2020) « Temporal trends in socioeconomic inequalities in HIV testing: an analysis of cross-sectional surveys from 16 sub-Saharan African countries », The Lancet Global Health, 8 (6) (juin), p. e808-e818. DOI : 10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30108-X. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2214109X2030108X.

Résumé : Overall increases in the uptake of HIV testing in the past two decades might hide discrepancies across socioeconomic groups. We used data from population-based surveys done in sub-Saharan Africa to quantify socioeconomic inequalities in uptake of HIV testing, and to establish trends in testing uptake in the past two decades. Methods We analysed data from 16 countries in sub-Saharan Africa where at least one Demographic and Health Survey was done before and after 2008. We assessed the country-specific and sex-specific proportions of participants who had undergone HIV testing in the previous 12 months across wealth and education groups, and quantified socioeconomic inequalities with both the relative and slope indices of inequalities. We assessed time trends in inequalities, and calculated mean results across countries with random-effects meta-analyses. Findings We analysed data for 537 784 participants aged 15-59 years (most aged 15-49 years) from 32 surveys done between 2003 and 2016 (16 before 2008, and 16 after 2008) in Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, DR Congo, Ethiopia, Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Niger, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. A higher proportion of female participants than male participants reported uptake of HIV testing in the previous 12 months in five of 16 countries in the pre-2008 surveys, and in 14 of 16 countries in the post-2008 surveys. After 2008, in the overall sample, the wealthiest female participants were 2.77 (95% CI 1.42-5.40) times more likely to report HIV testing in the previous 12 months than were the poorest female participants, whereas the richest male participants were 3.55 (1.85-6.81) times more likely to report HIV testing than in the poorest male participants. The mean absolute difference in uptake of HIV testing between the richest and poorest participants was 11.1 (95% CI 4.6-17.5) percentage points in female participants and 15.1 (9.6-20.6) in male participants. Over time (ie, when pre-2008 and post-2008 data were compared), socioeconomic inequalities in the uptake of HIV testing in the previous 12 months decreased in male and female participants, whereas absolute inequalities remained similar in female participants and increased in male participants. Interpretation Although relative socioeconomic inequalities in uptake of HIV testing in sub-Saharan Africa has decreased, absolute inequalities have persisted or increased. Greater priority should be given to socioeconomic equity in assessments of HIV-testing programmes. Copyright (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Atlani-Duault Laëtitia, Chauvin Franck, Yazdanpanah Yazdan, Lina Bruno, Benamouzig Daniel, Bouadma Lila, Druais Pierre Louis, Hoang Aymeril, Grard Marie-Aleth, Malvy Denis et Delfraissy Jean-François (2020) « France's COVID-19 response: balancing conflicting public health traditions », The Lancet, 396 (10246) (juillet 16), p. 219-221. DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31599-3. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673620315993.

Atlani-Duault Laetitia, Lina Bruno, Malvy Denis, Yazdanpanah Yazdan, Chauvin Franck et Delfraissy Jean-François (2020) « COVID-19: France grapples with the pragmatics of isolation », The Lancet Public Health (octobre). DOI : 10.1016/s2468-2667(20)30235-8. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2468266720302358.

Atlani-Duault Laetitia et Velasco-Pufleau Luis, ss la dir. de (2020) « Violence: An International Journal (coord par L. Atlani-Duault et L. Velasco-Pufleau) », 1 (2) (octobre). http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2633002420976479.

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

Atlani-Duault Laëtitia, Ward Jeremy K, Roy Melissa, Morin Céline et Wilson Andrew (2020) « Tracking online heroisation and blame in epidemics », The Lancet Public Health, 5 (3) (mars), p. e137-e138. DOI : 10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30033-5. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2468266720300335.

Résumé : The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak is giving rise to worldwide anxieties, rumours, and online misinformation. But it offers an opportunity to put into practice some lessons learned in studies of social media during epidemics, particularly with respect to the dynamics of online heroisation and blame. Epidemics such as the H1N1 influenza pandemic, severe acute respiratory syndrome, and Ebola take place in a complex world, with many disasters (human-caused and natural) and a host of social, cultural, economic, political, and religious concerns. Responding to such concerns is not usually part of public health approaches to epidemic communications, which emphasise biomedical and epidemiological information.

Audibert Martine, N’Landu Anaïs, Ravit Marion, Raffalli Bertille, Ravalihasy Andrainolo, Ridde Valéry et Dumont Alexandre (2020) « Forfait obstétrical et inégalités dans l’accès aux soins maternels en Mauritanie », Revue économique, 71 (6), p. 1045. DOI : 10.3917/reco.716.1045. http://www.cairn.info/revue-economique-2020-6-page-1045.htm?ref=doi.

Résumé : La Mauritanie a introduit en 2002 un système de prépaiement des soins de santé maternelle, le forfait obstétrical. L’objectif de cette étude est de savoir si le forfait améliore la qualité de l’accès et réduit les inégalités dans le recours aux soins obstétricaux. Les données sont celles de l’enquête ménages MICS-Mauritanie de 2015. Deux méthodes ont été utilisées. La première est la méthode des indices de concentration. La seconde est la méthode de décomposition des inégalités par fonction d’influence recentrée qui estime des effets marginaux en tenant compte des caractéristiques des individus. Le forfait obstétrical permet aux femmes enceintes d’accéder à des soins de meilleure qualité et contribue à la réduction des inégalités d’accès.

Auzanneau Michelle (2020) « Apprendre le français quand on brûle les frontières: Questions et approche d’une recherche collaborative à la Protection judiciaire de la jeunesse », Migrations Société, 181 (3), p. 103. DOI : 10.3917/migra.181.0103. http://www.cairn.info/revue-migrations-societe-2020-3-page-103.htm?ref=doi.

Résumé : Parmi les mineurs migrants parvenus illégalement en France certains ont commis un ou des délits sur le sol français. Le juge pour enfant a pu alors décider pour eux d’une mesure éducative ou probatoire confiée à la Protection judiciaire de la jeunesse (pjj), et parfois, parallèlement, à l’Aide sociale à l’enfance (ase). Ces mineurs non accompagnés (mna) ont alors droit à une formation en français langue étrangère. Mais que signifie apprendre le français pour ces jeunes compte tenu de leur itinérance, de l’incertitude de leur avenir sur le sol français à leur majorité et du décalage entre temps pédagogique et temps juridique ? Quelles sont les particularités du contexte d’enseignement-apprentissage et comment accompagner au mieux ces jeunes migrants ? Cet article traite de la façon dont ces questions ont été posées au cours d’une recherche collaborative menée au sein d’un service d’insertion de la Protection judiciaire de la jeunesse. Il rend compte de l’approche développée en tentant de comprendre le contexte politique, institutionnel, éducatif et pédagogique de cet accompagnement des jeunes migrants tout en cernant leur espace vécu, passé et présent des jeunes migrants.

Auzanneau Michelle et Deprez Christine (2020) « Identité narrative dans les récits de migration : exemples africains, C.A. Soumoune Diop (coord.) », Les Cahiers du Creilac, 2 (numéro spécial), p. 159-178.

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

Beaugé Yvonne, De Allegri Manuela, Ouédraogo Samiratou, Bonnet Emmanuel, Kuunibe Naasegnibe et Ridde Valéry (2020) « Do Targeted User Fee Exemptions Reach the Ultra-Poor and Increase their Healthcare Utilisation? A Panel Study from Burkina Faso », International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17 (18) (septembre 8), p. 6543. DOI : 10.3390/ijerph17186543. https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/18/6543.

Résumé : Background: A component of the performance-based financing intervention implemented in Burkina Faso was to provide free access to healthcare via the distribution of user fee exemption cards to previously identified ultra-poor. This study examines the factors that led to the receipt of user fee exemption cards, and the effect of card possession on the utilisation of healthcare services. Methods: A panel data set of 1652 randomly selected ultra-poor individuals was used. Logistic regression was applied on the end line data to identify factors associated with the receipt of user fee exemption cards. Random-effects modelling was applied to the panel data to determine the effect of the card possession on healthcare service utilisation among those who reported an illness six months before the surveys. Results: Out of the ultra-poor surveyed in 2017, 75.51% received exemption cards. Basic literacy (p = 0.03), living within 5 km from a healthcare centre (p = 0.02) and being resident in Diébougou or Gourcy (p = 0.00) were positively associated with card possession. Card possession did not increase health service utilisation (β = −0.07; 95% CI = −0.45; 0.32; p = 0.73). Conclusion: A better intervention design and implementation is required. Complementing demand-side strategies could guide the ultra-poor in overcoming all barriers to healthcare access.

Beaugé Yvonne, Ridde Valery, Bonnet Emmanuel, Souleymane Sidibé, Kuunibe Naasegnibe et De Allegri Manuela (2020) « Factors related to excessive out-of-pocket expenditures among the ultra-poor after discontinuity of PBF: a cross-sectional study in Burkina Faso », Health Economics Review, 10 (1) (novembre 14), p. 36. DOI : 10.1186/s13561-020-00293-w. https://healtheconomicsreview.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13561-020-00293-w.

Résumé : Measuring progress towards financial risk protection for the poorest is essential within the framework of Universal Health Coverage. The study assessed the level of out-of-pocket expenditure and factors associated with excessive out-of-pocket expenditure among the ultra-poor who had been targeted and exempted within the context of the performance-based financing intervention in Burkina Faso. Ultra-poor were selected based on a community-based approach and provided with an exemption card allowing them to access healthcare services free of charge. Methods We performed a descriptive analysis of the level of out-of-pocket expenditure on formal healthcare services using data from a cross-sectional study conducted in Diébougou district. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to investigate the factors related to excessive out-of-pocket expenditure among the ultra-poor. The analysis was restricted to individuals who reported formal health service utilisation for an illness-episode within the last six months. Excessive spending was defined as having expenditure greater than or equal to two times the median out-of-pocket expenditure. Results Exemption card ownership was reported by 83.64% of the respondents. With an average of FCFA 23051.62 (USD 39.18), the ultra-poor had to supplement a significant amount of out-of-pocket expenditure to receive formal healthcare services at public health facilities which were supposed to be free. The probability of incurring excessive out-of-pocket expenditure was negatively associated with being female (β = − 2.072, p = 0.00, ME = − 0.324; p = 0.000) and having an exemption card (β = − 1.787, p = 0.025; ME = − 0.279, p = 0.014). Conclusions User fee exemptions are associated with reduced out-of-pocket expenditure for the ultra-poor. Our results demonstrate the importance of free care and better implementation of existing exemption policies. The ultra-poor’s elevated risk due to multi-morbidities and severity of illness need to be considered when allocating resources to better address existing inequalities and improve financial risk protection.

Becquet Valentine, Nouaman Marcellin, Plazy Mélanie, Masumbuko Jean-Marie, Anoma Camille, Kouame Soh, Danel Christine, Eholie Serge Paul et Larmarange Joseph (2020) « Sexual health needs of female sex workers in Côte d’Ivoire: a mixed-methods study to prepare the future implementation of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention », BMJ Open, 10 (1) (janvier), p. e028508. DOI : 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028508. http://bmjopen.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028508.

Résumé : OBJECTIVE: To describe sexual and reproductive health (SRH) needs of female sex workers (FSWs) to inform the future implementation of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention in this population. DESIGN AND SETTING: The ANRS 12361 PrEP-CI cross-sectional and mixed-methods study was designed and implemented with two community-based organisations in Côte d'Ivoire. PARTICIPANTS: A convenience sample of 1000 FSWs aged ≥18, not known as HIV-positive, completed a standardised questionnaire assessing sociodemographic characteristics, sexual practices, use of community health services and a priori acceptability of PrEP. Twenty-two indepth interviews and eight focus group discussions were also conducted to document FSWs' risky practices and sexual behaviours, experiences with violence and discrimination, attitudes regarding HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and barriers to SRH services. RESULTS: Although 87% described consistent condom use with clients, more than 22% declared accepting condomless sexual intercourse for a large sum of money. Furthermore, condom use with their steady partner and knowledge of their partner's HIV status were low despite their acknowledged concurrent sexual partnerships. While inconsistent condom use exposed FSWs to STIs and undesired pregnancies, the prevalence of contraceptive strategies other than condoms was low (39%) due to fear of contraception causing sterility. FSWs faced obstacles to accessing SRH care and preferred advice from their peers or self-medication. CONCLUSIONS: Despite adoption of preventive behaviour in most cases, FSWs are still highly exposed to HIV. Furthermore, FSWs seem to face several barriers to accessing SRH. Implementing PrEP among FSWs in West Africa, such as in Côte d'Ivoire, constitutes an opportunity to consider the regular follow-up of HIV-negative FSWs. PrEP initiation should not condition access to SRH services; conversely, SRH services could be a way to attract FSWs into HIV prevention. Our results highlight the importance of developing a people-focused approach that integrates all SRH needs when transitioning from PrEP efficacy trials to implementation. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.

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Belaid Loubna, Benoit Magalie, Kaur Navdeep, Lili Azari et Ridde Valery (2020) « Population Health Intervention Implementation Among Migrants With Precarious Status in Montreal: Underlying Theory and Key Challenges », SAGE Open, 10 (2) (avril), p. 215824402091795. DOI : 10.1177/2158244020917957. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2158244020917957.

Résumé : The purpose of this study is to describe the underlying theory and the challenges involved in implementing an intervention to access health care services for migrants with precarious status (MPS) in Montreal. The description of the underlying theory of the intervention was based on a documentary analysis and a workshop with clinicians (n = 9). The challenges were identified through concept mapping (n = 28) and in-depth interviews (n = 13). The results of the study indicated that the aims of the intervention were to provide access to health care to MPS primarily to avoid any further health status deterioration. The most significant challenges identified were sustainable funding resources and improved access to care and protection for MPS. The interviews indicated that MPS are difficult to reach out; public health care system rules are unclear; resource constraints make it difficult to provide adequate and continuing care; and advocacy activities are difficult to organize.

Bernard-Maugiron Nathalie (2020) « Les amendements constitutionnels de 2019 en Égypte : vers une consécration de la dérive autoritaire du régime », Revue francaise de droit constitutionnel, N° 121 (1) (février 18), p. 3-19. DOI : 10.3917/rfdc.121.0003. https://www.cairn.info/revue-francaise-de-droit-constitutionnel-2020-1-page-3.htm.

Besle S et Schultz Emilien (2020) « Using Research to Treat Cancer: Localized Biomedical Innovation », Revue Francaise De Sociologie, 61 (3), p. 405-433. DOI : 10.3917/rfs.613.0405.

Bonnet Doris et Delanoë Daniel (2020) « Pourquoi les jeunes d’Afrique subsaharienne partent-ils ? », De Facto, 17 (mars 26). http://icmigrations.fr/2020/03/25/defacto-017-01/.

Résumé : On constate une augmentation croissante des mineurs non accompagnés arrivés en France. Les raisons de leur migration conjuguent une perte d’affiliation et une stratégie du désespoir.

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

Bonnet Emmanuel, Fournet Florence, Benmarhnia Tarik, Ouedraogo Samiratou, Dabiré Roch et Ridde Valéry (2020) « Impact of a community-based intervention on Aedes aegypti and its spatial distribution in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso », Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 9 (1) (décembre), p. 61. DOI : 10.1186/s40249-020-00675-6. https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-020-00675-6.

Résumé : Background Several studies highlighted the impact of community-based interventions whose purpose was to reduce the vectors’ breeding sites. These strategies are particularly interesting in low-and-middle-income countries which may find it difficult to sustainably assume the cost of insecticide-based interventions. In this case study we determine the spatial distribution of a community-based intervention for dengue vector control using different entomological indices. The objective was to evaluate locally where the intervention was most effective, using spatial analysis methods that are too often neglected in impact assessments. Methods Two neighbourhoods, Tampouy and Juvenat in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, were chosen among five after a survey was conducted, as part of an assessment related to the burden of dengue. As part of the community-based intervention conducted in Tampouy between August and early October 2016, an entomological survey was implemented in two phases. The first phase consisted of a baseline entomological characterization of potential breeding sites in the neighbourhood of Tampouy as well as in Juvenat, the control area. This phase was conducted in October 2015 at the end of the rainy season. The mosquito breeding sites were screened in randomly selected houses: 206 in Tampouy and 203 in Juvenat. A second phase took place after the intervention, in October 2016. The mosquito breeding sites were investigated in the same yards as during the baseline phase. We performed several entomological analyses to measure site productivity as well as before and after analysis using multilevel linear regression. We used Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISAs) to analyse spatial concentrations of larvae. Results After the intervention, it is noted that LISAs at Tampouy reveal few aggregates of all types and the suppression of those existing before the intervention. The analysis therefore reveals that the intervention made it possible to reduce the number of concentration areas of high and low values of pupae. Conclusions The contribution of spatial methods for assessing community-based intervention are relevant for monitoring at local levels as a complement to epidemiological analyses conducted within neighbourhoods. They are useful, therefore, not only for assessment but also for establishing interventions. This study shows that spatial analyses also have their place in population health intervention research

Bonnet Emmanuel, Nikiéma Aude, Adoléhoume Amakoé et Ridde Valery (2020) « Better data for better action: rethinking road injury data in francophone West Africa », BMJ Global Health, 5 (5) (mai), p. e002521. DOI : 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002521. http://gh.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002521.

Boulay Sébastien (2020) « PÉROUSE DE MONTCLOS Marc-Antoine, Une guerre perdue. La France au Sahel, Paris, Éditions Jean-Claude Lattès, janvier 2020, 312 p.: », L’Ouest Saharien, 12 (2) (décembre 10), p. 262-266. DOI : 10.3917/ousa.202.0262. https://www.cairn.info/revue-l-ouest-saharien-2020-2-page-262.htm?ref=doi.

Boulay Sébastien (2020) « ALLAN Joanna, Silenced resistance. Women dictatorships, and Genderwashing in Western Sahara and Equatorial Guinea, University of Wisconsin Press, 2019, 338 p.: », L’Ouest Saharien, Vol. 10-11 (1) (août 25), p. 333-336. DOI : 10.3917/ousa.201.0333. https://www.cairn.info/revue-l-ouest-saharien-2020-1-page-333.htm?ref=doi.

Résumé : This book review presented on June 13, 2019 at ECAS in Edinburgh during a book launch session organized by Joanna Allan. The author completed a Master’s thesis on gender representations in the nationalist discourses of the Polisario Front in 2008 at the University of Leeds. After five years working in NGOs, she returned to Leeds’ Department of Hispanic Studies to start a PhD on gender and resistance in Western Sahara and Equatorial Guinea, which she completed in 2016. This book is the result of her doctoral thesis. Joanna Allan is currently working at Northumbria’s Centre for International Development.

Boyer Sylvie, Nishimwe M. L., Sagaon-Teyssier L., March L., Koulla-Shiro S., Bousmah Marwân-Al-Qays, Toby R., Mpoudi-Etame M. P., Ngom Gueye N. F., Sawadogo A., Kouanfack C., Ciaffi L., Spire B., Delaporte E. et 2-Lady Group (2020) « Cost-effectiveness of three alternative boosted protease inhibitor-based second-line regimens in HIV-infected patients in West and Central Africa », PharmacoEconomics - Open, 4 (1), p. 45-60. DOI : 10.1007/s41669-019-0157-9. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs41669-019-0157-9.

Résumé : BACKGROUND: While dolutegravir has been added by WHO as a preferred second-line option for the treatment of HIV infection, boosted protease inhibitor (bPI)-based regimens are still needed as alternative second-line options. Identifying optimal bPI-based second-line combinations is essential, given associated high costs and funding constraints in low- and middle-income countries. We assessed the cost-effectiveness of three alternative bPI-based second-line regimens in Burkina Faso, Cameroon and Senegal. METHODS: We used data collected over 2010-2015 in the 2LADY trial/post-trial cohort. Patients with first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) failure were randomly assigned to tenofovir/emtricitabine + lopinavir/ritonavir (TDF/FTC LPV/r; arm A), abacavir + didanosine + lopinavir/ritonavir (arm B), or tenofovir/emtricitabine + darunavir/ritonavir (arm C). Costs (US dollars, 2016), quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were computed for each country over 24 months of follow-up and extrapolated to 5 years using a simulated patient-level Markov model. We assessed uncertainty using cost-effectiveness acceptability curves, scenarios and prices threshold analysis. RESULTS: In each country, over 24 months, arm A was significantly less costly than arms B and C (incremental costs ranging from US$410-$US721 and US$468-US$546 for B and C vs A, respectively) and offered similar health benefits (incremental QALY: - 0.138 to 0.023 and - 0.179 to 0.028, respectively). Over 5 years, arm A remained the least costly, health benefits not being significantly different between arms. Compared with arms B and C, in each study country, Arm A had a ≥ 95% probability of being cost-effective for a large range of cost-effectiveness thresholds, irrespective of the scenario considered. CONCLUSIONS: Using TDF/FTC LPV/r as a bPI-based second-line regimen provided the best economic value in the three study countries. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00928187.

PubMed entry

Brives Charlotte et Pourraz Jessica (2020) « Phage therapy as a potential solution in the fight against AMR: obstacles and possible futures? », Palgrave Communications, 6 (100) (mai 19). DOI : 10.1057/s41599-020-0478-4.

Résumé : Phage therapy, the use of bacteriophage viruses to treat bacterial infections, has existed for more than a hundred years. However, the practice is struggling to develop, despite growing support over the past 15 years from researchers and doctors, who see it as a promising therapy in the context of the rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). While the reasons for these developmental difficulties are complex, in this article we wish to address the effects of pharmaceutical regulations on phage therapy. By showing how phages are assimilated to an umpteenth antibiotic in legal texts, but also in certain medical practices, this article proposes to analyze the consequences of such regulatory categorization both for their production and the logistics of administration of proof of their efficacy in randomized controlled trials (RCTs), as well as the underlying concepts of infection and treatment. This paper follows Chandler’s work on the concept of antibiotics as infrastructure and its inversion presented by antimicrobial resistance. Phages as living, dynamic, evolving, and specific entities, do not lend themselves easily to current categories, norms, and development models. In this sense, they act as disruptors, revealing the limitations imposed by the existing infrastructure. More precisely here, and to continue Chandler’s initial thought process, this paper aims to show that antibiotics also form a kind of epistemological infrastructure, which acts as a powerful inhibitor to the development of phage therapy. In this sense antibiotics prevent the development of solutions to the problem they contribute to create. But the difficulties phage therapy faces, as highlighted in this article, can be interpreted as entry points for thinking of another medicine and imagining other possible futures. This analysis is based on a 3-year fieldwork study (2016–2019) in Europe (France, Belgium, and Switzerland), during which we conducted semi-directed interviews with various phage therapy stakeholders (physicians, researchers, pharmacists, regulators, patients, and patient associations), participatory observation in labs and observations during symposia and workshops on phages and phage therapy.

Cappelle Julien, Hoem Thavry, Hul Vibol, Furey Neil, Nguon Kunthy, Prigent Steven, Dupon Liane, Ken Sreymom, Neung Chhoeuth, Hok Visal, Pring Long, Lim Thona, Bumrungsri Sara, Duboz Raphaël, Buchy Philippe, Ly Sowath, Duong Veasna, Tarantola Arnaud, Binot Aurélie et Dussart Philippe (2020) « Nipah virus circulation at human–bat interfaces, Cambodia », Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 98 (8) (août 1), p. 539-547. DOI : 10.2471/BLT.20.254227. http://www.who.int/entity/bulletin/volumes/98/8/20-254227.pdf.

Carabali Mabel, Pérez Dennis, Degroote Stephanie, Reyes Alicia, Kaufman Jay S. et Ridde Valery (2020) « Towards a better integration of social sciences in arbovirus research and decision-making: an experience from scientific collaboration between Cuban and Quebec institutions », Global Health Promotion (août 14), p. 175797592094385. DOI : 10.1177/1757975920943859. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1757975920943859.

Résumé : In 2017, the Institute of Tropical Medicine Pedro Kourí, University of Montreal Public Health Research Institute, and McGill University joined efforts to provide scenarios for scientific exchange and knowledge dissemination about the social science contribution on arboviral research. This commentary describes the scientific collaboration between Cuban and Canadian (Quebec) institutions, illustrating the need and opportunities to facilitate research and effective decision-making processes for arboviral prevention and control, going beyond traditional biomedical aspects. We organized a set of scientific activities within three international events conducted in Cuba between 2017 and 2018. Given the collaborating institutions’ expertise and the knowledge gaps in arboviral research, we selected three main thematic areas: social determinants and equity, community-based interventions and use of evidence for decision-making. The partnership shows that interdisciplinary collaboration and the use and integration of quantitative and qualitative methods from the social sciences is essential to face the current challenges in arbovirus research.

Carillon Séverine, Gallardo Lucille, Linard Françoise, Chakvetadze Catherine, Viard Jean-Paul, Cros Agnès, Molina Jean-Michel et Slama Laurence (2020) « Perspectives of injectable long acting antiretroviral therapies for HIV treatment or prevention: understanding potential users’ ambivalences », AIDS Care, 32 (sup2) (mars 19), p. 155-161. DOI : 10.1080/09540121.2020.1742869. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09540121.2020.1742869.

Résumé : Recent clinical trial data showed that injectable long-acting antiretroviral treatment (LA-ART) every four or eight weeks could become an alternative option for HIV treatment or prevention. The purpose of our study was to explore perceptions and potential users' points of views of this new mode of administration through individuals' therapeutic itinerary and their singular history with ART. Between 2018 and 2019, a qualitative study was conducted in two University Hospitals in Paris, France. In-depth interviews were conducted with 15 virologically controlled People Living with HIV (PLWH) and 13 men on pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for at least six months. Interviews, focused on the daily experience with ART, were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using thematic content analysis. Collected discourses were organized around three emergent concerns: social, material and experimental. Each of these concerns was perceived as ambivalent, balanced by skepticism and hope. It revealed the complexity of each individual's relationship to their HIV treatment or PrEP, leading to balance the injectable LA-ART popularity reported within clinical trials. This new mode of administration may be a suitable alternative for some PLWH and PrEP users, a "simplification" compared to the oral route. It opens a window for "customizable" ART-treatment according to individuals' lives. Injectable ; long-acting antiretroviral therapies ; acceptability ; PrEP ; antiretroviral treatment ; qualitative study

Carillon Séverine et Girard Gabriel (2020) « Mieux comprendre les défis de la médicalisation de la prévention du VIH en France : la prophylaxie préexposition au prisme des sciences sociales », Global Health Promotion, 27 (2) (juin), p. 149-153. DOI : 10.1177/1757975919843060. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1757975919843060.

Résumé : Le recours aux traitements antirétroviraux pour la prévention du VIH transforme en profondeur le contexte des interventions dans ce domaine. La prophylaxie pré-exposition (Prep) en constitue l’une des facettes les plus visibles. Pour autant, l’utilisation de la Prep en France s’avère limitée. L’outil peine à trouver son public parmi les populations ciblées. Comment expliquer la sous-utilisation d’une approche de prévention dont la haute efficacité est pourtant démontrée ? Les réponses à cette question gagneraient à s’enrichir des sciences humaines et sociales tant pour penser les conditions de l’appropriation de l’outil par les publics ciblés que pour identifier les impensés et les logiques qui sous-tendent son déploiement. Loin de se limiter au VIH, la réflexion critique sur le recours aux médicaments comme outils de prévention ouvre des questions pertinentes pour le champ de la promotion de la santé.

Carillon Séverine, Gosselin Anne, Coulibaly Karna, Ridde Valery et Desgrées du Loû Annabel (2020) « Immigrants facing Covid 19 containment in France : An ordinary hardship of disaffiliation », Journal of Migration and Health, 1-2, p. 100032. DOI : 10.1016/j.jmh.2020.100032. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2666623520300325.

Résumé : In order to limit the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the majority of governments have introduced population containment. Certain population groups, including immigrants in precarious situations, are experiencing the impact of this measure in a brutal manner. This article is based on accounts of containment experiences collected by telephone within the framework of a pre-existing intervention research carried out among immigrants to France from Sub-Saharan Africa who are in a precarious situation. It highlights certain social effects of containment and the logics at work in the precarious situations. This research shows how this a priori unprecedented situation affects individual capacities to act and generates a ‘disaffiliation process’ causing individuals to shift towards ‘social non-existence’, repeating lived experiences and exacerbating pre-existing logics. The ordeal of containment proves to be an ordinary experience for these individuals.

Cavallaro Francesca L, Benova Lenka, Dioukhane El Hadji, Wong Kerry, Sheppard Paula, Faye Adama, Radovich Emma, Dumont Alexandre, Mbengue Abdou Salam, Ronsmans Carine et Martinez-Alvarez Melisa (2020) « What the percentage of births in facilities does not measure: readiness for emergency obstetric care and referral in Senegal », BMJ Global Health, 5 (3) (mars), p. e001915. DOI : 10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001915. http://gh.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001915.

Résumé : Introduction L'augmentation des accouchements en établissement en Afrique subsaharienne n'a pas entraîné la baisse attendue de la mortalité maternelle, ce qui suscite des inquiétudes quant à la qualité des soins dispensés dans les établissements. La disponibilité des établissements à différents niveaux du système de santé à fournir à la fois des soins obstétricaux et néonatals d'urgence (REMU) ainsi que des références n'est pas connue. Nous décrivons cette préparation combinée par niveau d'établissement et par région au Sénégal. Méthodes Pour cette étude transversale, nous avons utilisé les données de neuf enquêtes démographiques et de santé entre 1992 et 2017 au Sénégal pour décrire les tendances de la localisation des naissances au fil du temps. Nous avons utilisé les données de l'évaluation de la prestation de services de 2017 pour décrire le REMU et l'état de préparation aux aiguillages d'urgence à tous les niveaux des établissements du système public, où 94% des naissances se produisent. Un recensement des installations du système national de positionnement mondial a été utilisé pour cartographier l'accès des installations de niveau inférieur à l'installation la plus proche pratiquant des césariennes. Résultats Les naissances en établissement sont passées de 47% en 1992 à 80% en 2016, tirées par les naissances dans les postes de santé de niveau inférieur, où la moitié des naissances en établissement se produisent désormais. Les taux de césariennes dans les zones rurales ont plus que doublé, mais seulement à 3,7%, indiquant des améliorations mineures dans l'accès aux EmONC. Seuls 9% des postes de santé étaient pleinement prêts pour les REMU de base, et 62% étaient prêts à être référés (véhicule sur place ou téléphone et accès au véhicule ailleurs). Bien que les établissements publics aient représenté les trois quarts de toutes les naissances en 2016, seulement 16% de ces naissances ont eu lieu dans des établissements capables de fournir une préparation combinée adéquate pour le REMU et l'orientation. Conclusions Nos résultats impliquent que de nombreux établissements publics de niveau inférieur - le lieu de naissance le plus courant au Sénégal - sont incapables de traiter ou d'orienter les femmes souffrant de complications obstétricales, en particulier dans les zones rurales. Compte tenu de l'augmentation des naissances dans les établissements de niveau inférieur au Sénégal et ailleurs, il est urgent d'améliorer le REMU et la préparation à l'orientation pour accélérer la réduction de la mortalité maternelle et périnatale.

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