Références bibliographiques

Ouédraogo Samiratou, Benmarhnia Tarik, Bonnet Emmanuel, Somé Paul-André, Barro Ahmed, Kafando Yamba, Soma Diloma Dieudonné, Dabiré Roch K., Saré Diane, Fournet Florence et Ridde Valéry (2018) « Evaluation of Effectiveness of a Community-Based Intervention for Control of Dengue Virus Vector, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso », Emerging Infectious Diseases, 24 (10) (octobre). DOI : 10.3201/eid2410.180069. http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/10/18-0069_article.htm.

Pannetier Julie, Ravalihasy Andrainolo, Lydié Nathalie, Lert France et Desgrées du Loû Annabel (2018) « Protecting female migrants from forced sex and HIV infection », The Lancet Public Health, 3 (3) (mars), p. e112. DOI : 10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30027-6. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2468266718300276.

Résumé : While attracting international students is the declared objective of many countries of the global North, the regulation of movements of this migrant group does not escape the tensions that characterise policymaking on migration. This paper compares the evolution of student migration policies in three major European destinations - France, Spain and the UK - since the late 1990s. The aim is to evaluate whether policies in this area have converged or not, and the factors behind their evolution. Our findings suggest that despite common forces encouraging convergence, country-specific factors, such as countries' migration history and the political force in power, seem crucial in explaining important differences in actual policies across the three countries.

Mots-clés : AFRIQUE SUBSAHARIENNE, EUROPE.

Pannetier Julie, Ravalihasy Andrainolo, Lydié Nathalie, Lert France et Desgrées du Loû Annabel (2018) « Prevalence and circumstances of forced sex and post-migration HIV acquisition in sub-Saharan African migrant women in France: an analysis of the ANRS-PARCOURS retrospective population-based study », The Lancet Public Health, 3 (1) (janvier), p. e16-e23. DOI : 10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30211-6. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2468266717302116.

Résumé : Background : Sub-Saharan African migrant women are a key population at risk of HIV infection in Europe. Using data from the ANRS-PARCOURS study, we aimed to assess the prevalence of forced sex after migration and its association with post-migration acquisition of HIV as well as the circumstances of forced sex after migration, including housing and administrative insecurity, among sub-Saharan African migrant women living in the Paris Region, France. Methods The ANRS-PARCOURS study was a retrospective life-event survey done between February, 2012, and May, 2013, in health-care facilities in the Paris region of France. Women were eligible if they were born in sub-Saharan Africa, aged between 18 and 59 years, and had been diagnosed with HIV infection at least 3 months earlier for women receiving HIV care or not diagnosed with HIV. In this analysis, we used ANRS-PARCOURS study data to compare the incidence of forced sex after migration in three groups of sub-Saharan African migrant women: those who acquired HIV after migrating, those who acquired HIV before migrating, and those without HIV. We assessed the associations between forced sex, sexual partnerships, and living conditions after migration with mixed-effects logistic regression and generalised structural equation models. The study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02566148. Findings We obtained data from 980 eligible individuals who participated in the ANRS-PARCOURS study (407 without HIV and 573 HIV-positive) from 54 randomly selected health-care facilities. We excluded 20 women whose HIV infection could not be dated and eight women with missing data from the analyses, for a total of 405 women in the reference group (without HIV) and 547 women in the HIV group (156 with post-migration HIV acquisition, 391 with pre-migration HIV). Women who acquired HIV after migration experienced forced sex after migration more frequently than women without HIV (24 [15%] vs 18 [4%]; p=0.001). Forced sex after migration was associated with being hosted by family or friends (beta=0.95, 95% CI 0.19-1.72) and lack of stable housing (beta=1.10, 0.17-2.03). Lack of a residence permit was also associated with forced sex after migration. Interpretation The social hardships faced by sub-Saharan African migrant women after migration, especially a lack of housing or lack of a residence permit, increases their exposure to sexual violence and to HIV infection.

Mots-clés : AFRIQUE SUBSAHARIENNE, FRANCE.

Paul Elisabeth, Albert Lucien, Bisala Badibanga N’Sambuka, Bodson Oriane, Bonnet Emmanuel, Bossyns Paul, Colombo Sandro, De Brouwere Vincent, Dumont Alexandre, Eclou Dieudonné Sèdjro, Gyselinck Karel, Hane Fatoumata, Marchal Bruno, Meloni Remo, Noirhomme Mathieu, Noterman Jean-Pierre, Ooms Gorik, Samb Oumar Mallé, Ssengooba Freddie, Touré Laurence, Turcotte-Tremblay Anne-Marie, Van Belle Sara, Vinard Philippe et Ridde Valéry (2018) « Performance-based financing in low-income and middle-income countries: isn’t it time for a rethink? », BMJ Global Health, 3 (1) (janvier), p. e000664. DOI : 10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000664. http://gh.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000664.

Résumé : This paper questions the view that performance-based financing (PBF) in the health sector is an effective, efficient and equitable approach to improving the performance of health systems in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). PBF was conceived as an open approach adapted to specific country needs, having the potential to foster system-wide reforms. However, as with many strategies and tools, there is a gap between what was planned and what is actually implemented. This paper argues that PBF as it is currently implemented in many contexts does not satisfy the promises. First, since the start of PBF implementation in LMICs, concerns have been raised on the basis of empirical evidence from different settings and disciplines that indicated the risks, cost and perverse effects. However, PBF implementation was rushed despite insufficient evidence of its effectiveness. Second, there is a lack of domestic ownership of PBF. Considering the amounts of time and money it now absorbs, and the lack of evidence of effectiveness and efficiency, PBF can be characterised as a donor fad. Third, by presenting itself as a comprehensive approach that makes it possible to address all aspects of the health system in any context, PBF monopolises attention and focuses policy dialogue on the short-term results of PBF programmes while diverting attention and resources from broader processes of change and necessary reforms. Too little care is given to system-wide and long-term effects, so that PBF can actually damage health services and systems. This paper ends by proposing entry points for alternative approaches.

Pérez Myriam Cielo, Minoyan Nanor, Ridde Valéry, Sylvestre Marie-Pierre et Johri Mira (2018) « Comparison of registered and published intervention fidelity assessment in cluster randomised trials of public health interventions in low- and middle-income countries: systematic review », Trials, 19 (1) (décembre). DOI : 10.1186/s13063-018-2796-z. https://trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13063-018-2796-z.

Perouse de Montclos Marc-Antoine (2018) « Rente pétrolière et corruption : le cas du Nigeria Études de l’Ifri, novembre 2018 », IFRI (novembre). (Etudes de l'IFRI). https://www.ifri.org/fr/publications/etudes-de-lifri/rente-petroliere-corruption-cas-nigeria.

Résumé : Cette étude analyse les mécanismes de détournement de la rente pétrolière et gazière à tous les niveaux de la production et de la commercialisation d’hydrocarbures, depuis la tête de puits, avec le percement des pipelines (bunkering), jusqu’à l’exportation de brut et l’importation d’essence raffinée, sans oublier l’évasion de capitaux dans des paradis fiscaux. Plusieurs leçons peuvent en être tirées. D’abord, les multinationales, qui retiennent tant l’attention des médias, ne sont jamais qu’un acteur du problème, parmi beaucoup d’autres. La variété et la complexité des parties prenantes du détournement de la rente mettent ainsi en évidence les limites des campagnes d’ONG et des audits financiers qui se concentrent uniquement sur les compagnies internationales. L’analyse de la corruption issue du secteur pétrolier souligne plutôt la nécessité d’améliorer la gouvernance du Nigeria, tant au niveau fédéral que local.

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

Pérouse de Montclos Marc-Antoine (2018) « La politique africaine de l'Arabie saoudite, entre conservatisme et prosélytisme », Questions Internationales, 89, p. 105–111. http://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010072224.

Résumé : L'Arabie saoudite est souvent suspectée de soutenir et de financer des groupes jihadistes en Afrique subsaharienne. Royaume profondément conservateur, elle n'a pourtant rien des caractéristiques révolutionnaires des États terroristes ou "voyous" d'autrefois, tels que le Soudan, la Libye ou l'Iran. Réaliste, sa politique étrangère vise d'abord à défendre l'intérêt national saoudien, tandis que les spéculations sur l'influence du salafisme wahhabite au sud du Sahara relèvent souvent du fantasme.

Mots-clés : 🔍No DOI found, AFRIQUE SUBSAHARIENNE, ARABIE SAOUDITE, ⛔ No DOI found.

Pérouse de Montclos Marc-Antoine (2018) « Afrique subsaharienne : l'autre djihad », Politique Internationale, 160, p. 203–215.

Mots-clés : 🔍No DOI found, AFRIQUE SUBSAHARIENNE, ANTHROPOLOGIE POLITIQUE, BURKINA FASO, CAMEROUN, COLONIALISME, COTE D'IVOIRE, DJIHAD, ETHIOPIE, HISTOIRE, ISLAM, KENYA, LIBYE, MALI, MAURITANIE, MOUVEMENT ISLAMIQUE, NIGER, NIGERIA, SAHEL, SENEGAL, SOMALIE, SOUDAN, TCHAD, ⛔ No DOI found.

Pérouse de Montclos Marc-Antoine (2018) « ‘The only good jihadist is a dead jihadist’:Boko Haram and de-radicalization around Lake Chad », Small Wars & Insurgencies, 29 (5-6) (novembre 2), p. 863-885. DOI : 10.1080/09592318.2018.1519297. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09592318.2018.1519297.

Résumé : This article discusses the shortcomings of the "de-radicalization doctrine" in sub-Saharan Africa. The issues raised are illustrated by the war against Boko Haram, which involves Nigeria, Niger, Chad and Cameroon. Relying on interviews with security officers, insurgents, civil servants, displaced people, humanitarian workers and Muslim and Christian clerics in Nigeria, Niger and Chad since 2005, the investigation shows that the four states focused on repression rather than demobilisation programs in prison or outdoors. The Boko Haram crisis is mainly a story of mismanagement. The article thus challenges the assumptions of the "de-radicalization doctrine" in Muslim Africa South of the Sahara. First, attempts to de-radicalize jihadi terrorists tend to focus too much on religious fanaticism and the exegesis of the Quran. Secondly, they are neither feasible nor efficient. Finally, they obscure priorities that are more important to counter extremism and demobilize insurgents.

Pérouse de Montclos Marc-Antoine (2018) « The Killing Fields of the Nigerian Army: Any Lessons Learned? », African Security, 11 (2) (avril 3), p. 110-126. DOI : 10.1080/19392206.2018.1480140. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19392206.2018.1480140.

Résumé : The Nigerian army has long had a poor human rights record. From the times of the Biafra War (1967-1970) to massacres of Boko Haram members in 2009 and clashes with the Shiite minority in 2015, soldiers and officers have perpetrated widespread and serious violations. Corruption, impunity, a weak chain of command and lack of accountability, qualifications, training, recruitment, supplies, and control by civilian authorities explain their wrongdoings, together with the military dictatorships of the 1970s and 1980s and the war on terror since 2009. Such problems are still prevalent as Nigeria heads for general elections in 2019. This article thus shows that lessons were not learned despite the democratization process since the end of military rule in 1999.

Pérouse de Montclos Marc-Antoine (2018) « Conflits dans le Sahara : des dynamiques locales occultées par le mirage du djihad global », The Conversation, 2018-04-18, p. 4. https://hal.science/hal-04013508.

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

Petit Véronique (2018) « Forced returns of international migrants in Senegal: Family dilemmas facing mental illness », Revue Européenne des Migrations Internationales, 2 (34), p. 131-158. DOI : 10.4000/remi.10901. https://www.cairn-int.info/journal-revue-europeenne-des-migrations-internationales-2018-2.htm.

Résumé : his article describes the situation of Senegalese migrants returning to their country of origin because of a mental illness that appeared during the migratory experience. While the international migrant embodies a figure of success, the effects of illness and the temporality of treatment alter his status as a hero. In the context of a moral economy, the family is gradually faced with the dilemma of remaining loyal to the migrant by bearing the cost of his health or giving up investing in a migrant considered more and more as a patient with no productive future. In a context where mental illness is a source of shame and dishonor, some sick migrants are abandoned by their families. They find refuge with murid marabouts specialized in the treatment of mental illnesses. In accordance with the doctrine of labor mouride, the physical and psychic activities deploy therapeutic virtues and are salvatrices. The sufferings of exile and the hardships linked to the disease make sense in the therapeutic work undertaken. Keywords Senegal mental health psychiatry return migrations Mouridisme

Pilon Marc (2018) « Démographie, éducation et développement en Afrique », Marchés et Organisations, 32, p. 65-85. DOI : 10.3917/maorg.032.0063.

Pourette Dolorès, Mattern Chiarella, Ratovoson Rila et Raharimalala Patricia (2018) « Complications with use of misoprostol for abortion in Madagascar: between ease of access and lack of information », Contraception, 97 (2) (février), p. 116-121. DOI : 10.1016/j.contraception.2017.12.005. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0010782417305310.

Résumé : Objectives: To learn what complications some women experienced in Madagascar following use of misoprostol for abortion and what treatment they received post-misoprostol use. Study design: This was a qualitative study in 2015-16 among women who had experienced complications after use of misoprostol, with or without additional methods, for abortion, what information they received before use, what dosage and regimens they used, what complications they experienced and what treatment they received post-use. We initially conducted in-depth, semistructured interviews with 60 women who had undergone an abortion that resulted in complications. The results presented here are based on interviews with the sub-set of 19 women who had used misoprostol. Results: The 19 women were aged 16-40, with an average age of 21-26 at interview and average age of 18-21 at abortion. To obtain an abortion, they sought advice from partners, friends, family members, and/or traditional practitioners and healthcare providers. Misoprostol was easily accessible through the formal and informal sectors, but the dosages and regimens the women used on the advice of others were extremely variable, did not match WHO guidelines, and were apparently ineffective, resulting in failed abortion, incomplete abortion, heavy bleeding/hemorrhage, strong pain, and/or infection. Conclusions: This study provides data on complications from the use of misoprostol as an abortifacient in Madagascar. Healthcare providers need training in correct misoprostol use and how to treat complications. Law and policy reform are needed to support such training and to ensure the provision of safe abortion services in the public health system.

Pourette Dolorès, Pierlovisi Carole, Randriantsara Ranjatiana, Rakotomanana Elliot et Mattern Chiarella (2018) « Avoiding a "big" baby: Local perceptions and social responses toward childbirth-related complications in Menabe, Madagascar », Social Science & Medicine, 218 (décembre), p. 52-61. DOI : 10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.10.002. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953618305689.

Résumé : In Madagascar, a country where over 60% of deliveries are not attended by a healthcare professional, late or inadequate responses to complications during childbirth account for a great number of maternal deaths. In this article, we analyse local perceptions of birth-related risks and strategies used to avoid these risks or manage complications of childbirth. We conduct this analysis in light of the social meanings of childbirth and the social expectations placed upon women in a context of socio-economic vulnerability and a challenged public health system. We conducted two separate studies in the district of Morondava (Menabe region) in June 2014 and March 2015, comprising semi-directive interviews with 111 people (59 mothers, 18 members of their immediate entourage and 34 institutional or healthcare stakeholders), and eight focus groups discussions – two with community leaders, and six with fathers. The results show that the social pressure exerted on women to give birth without complications leads them to practices aimed at avoiding a "big" baby including dietary restrictions, physical activity, and refusal of iron supplementation intake. During pregnancy, women are usually accompanied by a traditional birth attendant or matron (reninjaza). Further, they use the public health system by attending antenatal consultations. However, women are reluctant to deliver in a health facility, where the practices of health professionals are in discordance with the social realities of women and local beliefs around childbirth. If complications arise, they are explained by social causes. The parturient woman is only taken to a healthcare facility after carrying out rituals and if the problems do not resolve themselves. These findings support recommendations to reduce the cultural distance between health workers and childbearing women, strengthen the collaborations with reninjazas, and inform women and their decision makers (mother, reninjaza, spouse) about nutrition during pregnancy and signs of complications.

Mots-clés : Anthropological approach, Childbirth-related complications, Local knowledge, Madagascar, Maternal mortality, Pregnant women's care pathways.

Pourraz Jessica, Baxerres Carine et Cassier Maurice (2018) « La construction des politiques pharmaceutiques nationales à l’épreuve des programmes de santé globale: L’approvisionnement des médicaments contre le paludisme au Bénin et au Ghana », Anthropologie & développement, 48-49 (décembre 1), p. 169-192. DOI : 10.4000/anthropodev.706. http://journals.openedition.org/anthropodev/706.

Résumé : Le Ghana et le Bénin dépendent des subventions internationales pour approvisionner en médicaments antipaludiques leurs secteurs publics - et pour une partie le secteur privé ghanéen à partir de 2010. Les acteurs transnationaux construisent des réseaux d’approvisionnement qui entrent en concurrence avec les dispositifs nationaux existants. La multiplication de ces circuits engendre une fragmentation du système d’approvisionnement qui conduit à des dysfonctionnements dans la gestion des médicaments au niveau national. Les acteurs transnationaux cherchent alors à impulser certaines formes d’appropriation auprès des États afin de répondre aux problèmes d’inefficacité des systèmes d’approvisionnement qu’ils ont générés. Le Ghana, disposant d’un important tissu industriel, tente de développer une production locale d’anti-paludiques, alors que le Bénin envisage des moyens pour reprendre le contrôle sur les importations. Cet article interroge le concept d’appropriation des politiques de développement par le prisme des politiques de mise à disposition des antipaludiques au Bénin et au Ghana. En analysant des dispositifs institutionnels nationaux mis en œuvre par les pays avec le soutien des acteurs transnationaux, cette contribution éclaire les relations de pouvoir et le degré de contrôle qu’exercent les institutions nationales sur la définition et la mise en œuvre de leur politique, qui restent largement dominées par les acteurs transnationaux.

Prado Helena (2018) « L’exotisation des Nippo-Brésiliens : Apprentissage corporel et esthétique japonaise globalisée », Revue des Sciences Sociales, 59, p. 64-75. DOI : 10.4000/revss.801. http://www.revue-des-sciences-sociales.com/.

Résumé : Cet article traite d’un phénomène récent relatif aux processus d’identification culturelle des descendants d’immigrés japonais au Brésil dans une perspective anthropologique. Au cours des dernières années d’un terrain ethnographique réalisé à São Paulo entre 2007 et 2014, nous nous sommes intéressée à la façon dont les Nippo-Brésiliens s’approprient un imaginaire fondé sur les représentations globalisées d’une culture japonaise traditionnelle. Il s’agira en particulier d’appréhender ce que cet imaginaire induit en termes de changements de représentations et de techniques corporelles pour les descendants de Japonais de troisième génération. Nous appellerons « auto-exotisation » la manière dont les Nippo-Brésiliens « tirent profit » d’une identité nipponne revisitée. L’exemple de l’apprentissage des Arts du Zen et d’une esthétique japonaise permettra d’analyser l’expression de cette identification qui transite par la performance du corps et la mise en scène de l’altérité.

Prado Helena (2018) « Ce que l’épidémie du virus Zika dévoile des droits reproductifs et sexuels au Brésil », Cahiers Des Ameriques Latines, Dossier. Naissances et politiques publiques (88-89), p. 79-96. DOI : 10.4000/cal.8855.

Résumé : Entre 2015 et 2016, le nombre de cas de personnes atteintes du virus Zika explose dans plusieurs États du Brésil. La déclaration de l’OMS qui établit la transmission verticale du virus et la corrélation entre l’infection de femmes enceintes et les cas de malformations congénitales chez les fœtus, déclenche des mesures d’urgence pour contenir l’épidémie. Au-delà des politiques de santé publique, lancées nationalement, mais aussi globalement, l’épidémie a remis en question les normes biomédicales, les pratiques sociales et familiales autour de la naissance au Brésil. Parallèlement, l’état d’urgence sanitaire fait apparaître à nouveaux frais les incertitudes — et les défaillances — concernant la gestion de la santé publique et les inégalités sociales entre les populations des différentes régions concernées. In February 2016, Zika epidemic is declared Public Health Emergency of International concern IPHEICI by the WHO, a decision that aim to “provide understanding of the Zika virus infection and associated consequences” such as congenital abnormalities [microcephaly risk for instance] [WHO, 2016]. This viral epidemic brings to light the great medical uncertainties, the failures of the national public health system and access to maternal health care on one side, and the social inequalities and discrepancies among the different Localities exposed and affected by the disease or/and caring of new-borns on the other side.

Mots-clés : health, inequalities, public policies, reproductive and sexual rights.

Prigent Steven et alii. (2018) « « The impact of holistic educational programs on quality and learning outcomes in Cambodia" », Journal of Modern Education Review, 8 (3), p. 178-191.

Résumé : Since 2013, Save the Children International, funded by the Norwegian Government (NORAD), has been implementing a four years’ educational pilot program called “I’m Learning!” in 15 rural primary schools in Cambodia. This holistic program is based on four main Quality Learning Environment (QLE) guiding principles (GP): emotional and psychosocial protection; physical protection; teaching learning environment (active learning); collaboration between schools and parents/community. In order to validate the value of the QLE framework using evidence-based methodologies, Save the Children Norway (SCN) and Save the Children International (SCI) in Cambodia engaged an independent local NGO — Kampuchean Action for Primary Education (KAPE) — to design and conduct a research study to assess the relationship between SC interventions according to the QLE GP and learning outcomes during the last three years of the four year pilot. The research is based on four schools out of fifteen in which SCI undertook interventions. Four other schools where no SCI interventions took place were selected for comparative purposes. The research is based on qualitative and quantitative data collected over three school years, 2014–2017. The paper will show that “I’m Learning!” really made a difference in reading skills, and that although it is not possible to prove a clear relationship between QLE GP and student learning outcomes, three main improvements lead to better student learning outcomes in the framework of “I’m Learning!”, namely community-based monitoring, positive discipline and enriched teaching methods. Key words: holistic educational programs, quality learning environment (QLE), learning outcomes,Cambodia

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

Quet Mathieu (2018) « Pharmaceutical Capitalism and its Logistics: Access to Hepatitis C Treatment », Theory, Culture & Society, 35 (2) (mars), p. 67-89. DOI : 10.1177/0263276417727058. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0263276417727058.

Résumé : New and highly effective treatments against hepatitis C have come on the market in recent years. Their high cost has sparked vociferous debate concerning drug price control, the state’s responsibility towards infected populations and the power of multinational pharmaceutical companies. One possible way to understand these debates is to take into account the particular effects of pharmaceutical capitalism upon the circulation of commodities. Recent protests related to access to treatment identify circulation of medicines as an increasing site of capital accumulation and conflicts. This article defines the notion of ‘logistic regimes’ and shows how such regimes are contested. It analyzes critical ways of engaging with contemporary pharmaceutical logistics, through variations on medical tourism, critiques of patenting and pricing practices, and organization of alternative supply routes. It further proposes to deepen the notion of diversion as a political concept describing specific forms of opposition to the management practices of logistical capitalism.

Mots-clés : buyers’ club,, drugs, hepatitis, India, logistics, sofosbuvir.

Quet Mathieu, Pordié Laurent, Bochaton Audrey, Chantavanich Supang, Kiatying-Angsulee Niyada, Lamy Marie et Vungsiriphisal Premjai (2018) « Regulation Multiple: Pharmaceutical Trajectories and Modes of Control in the ASEAN », Science, Technology and Society, 23 (3) (novembre), p. 485-503. DOI : 10.1177/0971721818762935. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0971721818762935.

Résumé : This article revisits the conceptualisation of pharmaceutical regulation. While States and multilateral organisations play a central part in devising rules, regulation as a social practice extends beyond their role. Domestic and international interests, geopolitics and spatial configurations, commercial and health considerations, governmental policies and individual behaviours and legal and illegal transactions all contribute to regulating the pharmaceutical milieu. This consideration expands the epistemological range of pharmaceutical regulation, which then appears as the assemblage of heterogeneous laws, rules and codes of conducts. The way in which these layers are connected forms what regulation actually is in practice. Regulation multiple thus appears as the product of tensions between harmonisation efforts and persistent diversity, as well as the result of interactions and overlaps between official regulation and unofficial regulatory practices. This article explores these tensions in the Southeast Asian pharmaceutical market along three themes: circuits and logistic regimes; control and attention to quality; bridges and harmonisations.

Ravit Marion, Audibert Martine, Ridde Valéry, de Loenzien Myriam, Schantz Clémence et Dumont Alexandre (2018) « Do free caesarean section policies increase inequalities in Benin and Mali? », International Journal for Equity in Health, 17 (1) (décembre), p. (art 71, 12 p.). DOI : 10.1186/s12939-018-0789-x. https://equityhealthj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12939-018-0789-x.

Ravit Marion, Audibert Martine, Ridde Valéry, de Loenzien Myriam, Schantz Clémence et Dumont Alexandre (2018) « Removing user fees to improve access to caesarean delivery: a quasi-experimental evaluation in western Africa », BMJ Global Health, 3 (1) (janvier), p. e000558 (11 p.). DOI : 10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000558. http://gh.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000558.

Résumé : Introduction Mali and Benin introduced a user fee exemption policy focused on caesarean sections in 2005 and 2009, respectively. The objective of this study is to assess the impact of this policy on service utilisation and neonatal outcomes. We focus specifically on whether the policy differentially impacts women by education level, zone of residence and wealth quintile of the household. Methods We use a difference-in-differences approach using two other western African countries with no fee exemption policies as the comparison group (Cameroon and Nigeria). Data were extracted from Demographic and Health Surveys over four periods between the early 1990s and the early 2000s. We assess the impact of the policy on three outcomes: caesarean delivery, facility-based delivery and neonatal mortality.

Ridde Valery (2018) « Les migrants climatiques et la promotion de la santé », Global Health Promotion, 25 (1), p. 91. DOI : 10.1177/1757975918762332. https://hal.science/hal-04149534.

Snapshot (source)

Ridde Valéry (2018) « Migrants et migrants? Tensions mondiales entre accueil et rejet: Migrants and migrants? Global tensions between welcome and rejection », Canadian Journal of Public Health, 109 (3) (septembre 5), p. 281-283. (10.17269/s41997-018-0120-z). DOI : 10.17269/s41997-018-0120-z. http://link.springer.com/10.17269/s41997-018-0120-z.

Ridde Valéry (2018) « La gestion des conflits d'intérêt dans un jury de thèse de doctorat », Canadian journal of bioethics / Revue canadienne de bioéthique, 1 (2), p. 37. https://hal.science/hal-04102483.

Résumé : Un chercheur ou un enseignant universitaire est souvent amené à être membre d'un jury de thèse. Cela fait partie de ses activités scientifiques. Cependant, dans un monde académique de plus en plus spécialisé, il est parfois difficile de créer un jury de thèse sans être confronté à des conflits d'intérêts entre les membres et l'équipe d'encadrement. Si certaines universités ont organisé des processus pour gérer ces conflits depuis quelques années, d'autres n'ont pas encore statué. Cette étude de cas adapte plusieurs situations réelles pour montrer les défis d'une telle gestion des conflits d'intérêts dans la constitution d'un jury de thèse de doctorat.

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

Snapshot (source)

Ridde Valéry (2018) « Climate migrants and health promotion », Global Health Promotion, 25 (1) (mars), p. 3-5. DOI : 10.1177/1757975918762330. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1757975918762330.

Ridde Valéry (2018) « L'utilisation de données de recherche sans votre accord lors d'un partenariat de santé mondiale », Canadian Journal of Bioethics / Revue canadienne de bioéthique, 1 (2) (février 27), p. 22-23. DOI : 10.7202/1058275ar. https://cjb-rcb.ca/index.php/cjb-rcb/article/view/32.

Résumé : Global health research is most often spent in a context of international collaboration, particularly North-South. The particular context of this type of partnership (power, money, distance, norms, training, etc.) can lead to important issues in the use of the data collected. This case study enables the reader to reflect on this particular issue and the actions that could be taken to deal with it.

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Ridde Valéry (2018) « Publication et collaboration avec le financeur d'un contrat de recherche », Canadian Journal of Bioethics / Revue canadienne de bioéthique, 1 (2) (février 27), p. 24-25. DOI : 10.7202/1058276ar. https://cjb-rcb.ca/index.php/cjb-rcb/article/view/30/24.

Résumé : Cette étude de cas en santé mondiale met au jour les enjeux éthiques associés à la signature scientifique dans le contexte d’un contrat de recherche octroyé par une organisation nternationale.

Ridde Valéry (2018) « Partager et renforcer les capacités d’enseignement au Sud : les défis déontologiques des droits d’auteurs », Canadian Journal of Bioethics Revue canadienne de bioéthique, 1 (2), p. Open Issue. DOI : 10.7202/1058279ar. https://cjb-rcb.ca/index.php/cjb-rcb/article/view/46.

Ridde Valery (2018) « Los migrantes climáticos y la promoción de la salud », Global Health Promotion, 25 (1), p. 99. DOI : 10.1177/1757975918762331. https://hal.science/hal-04149532.

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Ridde Valéry, Asomaning Antwi Abena, Boidin Bruno, Chemouni Benjamin, Hane Fatoumata et Touré Laurence (2018) « Time to abandon amateurism and volunteerism: addressing tensions between the Alma-Ata principle of community participation and the effectiveness of community-based health insurance in Africa10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001056 », BMJ Global Health, 3 (Suppl 3) (octobre), p. e001056. DOI : 10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001056. http://gh.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001056.

Résumé : Forty years after the 1978 Alma-Ata declaration, the second international conference on primary health care in October 2018 is expected to reaffirm the place of communities in health systems management and governance. In parts of Africa, community-based health insurance (CBHI)—with communities at the centre—is still seen as a strategy for achieving universal health coverage (UHC)—but there are tensions between the Alma-Ata principle of community participation, as currently interpreted, and CBHI. The tension relates particularly to the community’s role in terms of the voluntary nature of CBHI membership and volunteer involvement of the community in governance andmanagement—this tension requires a rethink of the role of communities in CBHI. We use examples of Rwanda, Ghana, Mali and Senegal to demonstrate the challenges associated with the place of communities in CBHI, and the need to reduce the role of community volunteers in CBHI and instead focus on professionalising management. Countries that still wish to rely on CBHIs for UHC must find ways to make populations enrolment compulsory, and strengthen the professionalisation of CBHI management, while also ensuring that communities continue to have a place in CBHI governance.

Ridde Valéry, Gautier Lara, Turcotte-Tremblay Anne-Marie, Sieleunou Isidore et Paul Elisabeth (2018) « Performance-based Financing in Africa: Time to Test Measures for Equity », International Journal of Health Services, 48 (3) (juillet), p. 549-561. DOI : 10.1177/0020731418779508. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0020731418779508.

Résumé : Over the past 15 years, hundreds of millions of dollars have been invested in reforms founded on performance-based financing (PBF) in low- and middle-income countries. While evidence on its effectiveness and efficiency is still controversial, there appears to be an emerging consensus that equity has not been adequately considered. In this article, we show how PBF-type interventions in Africa have not sufficiently taken into account equity of access to care for the worst-off and their financial protection. In reviewing the history of health reforms in Africa, we show that this omission is nothing new. We suggest that strategic purchasing and PBF-type actions would benefit from being implemented in ways that promote equity and the financial protection of populations in Africa. Without such a reorientation of reforms, it will be impossible to achieve universal health coverage by 2030.

Ridde Valéry, Leppert Gerald, Hien Hervé, Robyn Paul Jacob et De Allegri Manuela (2018) « Street-level workers’ inadequate knowledge and application of exemption policies in Burkina Faso jeopardize the achievement of universal health coverage: evidence from a cross-sectional survey », International Journal for Equity in Health, 17 (5), p. (13 p.). DOI : 10.1186/s12939-017-0717-5. https://equityhealthj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12939-017-0717-5.

Résumé : Street-level workers play a key role in public health policies in Africa, as they are often the ones to ensure their implementation. In Burkina Faso, the State formulated two different user-fee exemption policies for indigents, one for deliveries (2007), and one for primary healthcare (2009). The objective of this study was to measure and understand the determinants of street-level workers’ knowledge and application of these exemption measures.

Ridde Valéry et Yaméogo Pierre (2018) « How Burkina Faso used evidence in deciding to launch its policy of free healthcare for children under five and women in 2016 », Palgrave Communications, 4 (1) (décembre), p. 9 p. DOI : 10.1057/s41599-018-0173-x. http://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-018-0173-x.

Résumé : Article | OPEN | Published: 02 October 2018 How Burkina Faso used evidence in deciding to launch its policy of free healthcare for children under five and women in 2016 Valéry Ridde & Pierre Yaméogo Palgrave Communicationsvolume 4, Article number: 119 (2018) | Download Citation Abstract In March 2016, the newly elected government of Burkina Faso decided on a major change in health financing policy: it abolished direct payment for healthcare for women and children under five. Unlike other countries in Africa, this decision took a long time, given that the first pilot projects for this policy instrument date from 2008. This article describes that political process and presents a reflexive analysis by two authors who were at the heart of events between 2008 and 2018. The analysis shows that, while the decision took a long time and certainly amounted to a policy paradigm shift, it was the result of a complex series of events and activities whose specific contributions are difficult to identify. Crucial to the decision was long-term funding of pilot projects to test the new policy instrument, associated with the generation of evidence mobilised through a myriad of knowledge transfer activities. Moreover, it took the continued mobilisation of advocacy coalitions, action to counter preconceived notions about this instrument, and the emergence of an essential window of opportunity—the 2014 popular uprising—for the decision to be possible. In this discussion, we generalise to the conceptual and theoretical levels, but also share practical lessons learned for those interested in engaging in evidence-informed decision-making. The main lessons are: recruit, train, and mobilise people and/or services responsible for knowledge transfer activities; identify and partner with political entrepreneurs early and regularly; be persistent and consistent in producing rigorous and useful knowledge; favour independent evaluation teams using mixed methods; train researchers in policy decision-making processes and decision-makers in knowledge production issues; adapt (content, format, vocabulary, language, etc.) the evidence to the needs of the knowledge users in close collaboration with researchers and disseminate it to target audiences; understand the sometimes different logics of researchers and decision-makers and encourage their interaction; to seize opportunities, regularly analyse the political decision-making processes specific to the national context as well as the social and political contexts favourable (or not) to decision-making.

Rikap Cecilia (2018) « Innovation as Economic Power in Global Value Chains », Revue d'Économie Industrielle, 3 (163), p. 35-75. DOI : 10.4000/rei.7226. https://www.cairn.info/revue-d-economie-industrielle-2018-3-page-35.htm?contenu=resume.

Résumé : ‪Global Value Chains (GVC) have been criticized for assuming power relations mainly based on empirical analyses. Although some authors focus on entry barriers to explain the emergence of market-power, those barriers’ porosity contradicts the sole entry barriers argument. We explore this genesis of power between enterprises and their effects to better understand GVC dynamics in general, and Apple Inc.’s chain in particular. We suggest that monopolizing innovations can be conceived as a self-reinforcing source of power capable of overcoming entry barriers’ porosity. In this context, we state that the long term dynamic of GVC centrally depends on the capacity of the leader to keep its innovation’s monopoly. We also suggest a typology of subordinated firms useful for understanding the different participants of Apple Inc.’s GVC. ‪JEL classification : F23, F50, O34. Les Chaines Globales de Valeur (CGV) sont critiquées pour n’aborder les rapports de pouvoir qu’à partir d’études empiriques. La piste principalement envisagée, qui voit dans les barrières à l’entrée l’origine des rapports de pouvoir, ne suffit pas à rendre compte de la robustesse des positions dominantes lorsque ces barrières s’avèrent poreuses. Nous analysons la genèse des rapports de pouvoir entre entreprises et ses effets pour mieux comprendre les dynamiques des CGV, en général, et d’Apple Inc., en particulier. Le développement d’un monopole sur l’innovation donne une position de pouvoir qui se renforce progressivement, qui dépasse la porosité des barrières à l’entrée. On formule ensuite l’hypothèse que les dynamiques de long terme dépendent centralement de la capacité du leader de garder son monopole sur l’innovation. Enfin, nous proposons une typologie des entreprises subordonnées opérante pour décrire les différents participants de la CGV d’Apple Inc. Classification JEL : F23, F50, O34.

Robin Nelly (2018) « L’élection présidentielle de 2019 au Sénégal: Les pratiques électorales entre permanences, opportunités et ruptures », Afrique contemporaine, N°267-268 (3), p. 187. DOI : 10.3917/afco.267.0187. http://www.cairn.info/revue-afrique-contemporaine-2018-3-page-187.htm?ref=doi.

Résumé : L’élection présidentielle de 2019 constitue un tournant dans l’histoire politique du Sénégal : le parrainage citoyen est introduit, les partis historiques n’ont pas de candidat et le vote de la diaspora est considéré comme un véritable enjeu. La cartographie, pensée ici comme un « opérateur de découverte » en sciences politiques, nous livre une première analyse des dynamiques qui ont animé l’élection présidentielle de 2019. The 2019 presidential election was a turning point in Senegal’s political history: citizen sponsorship was introduced, the historical parties fielded no candidates, and the vote of the diaspora was considered to have an important impact. Cartographic analysis, conceived of here as a ‘means of discovery’ in political science, provides the foundations for an initial analysis of the dynamics that shaped the 2019 presidential election.

Robin Nelly (2018) « Parcours migratoire et « territoires archipéliques » », Jeunes et Mineurs en mobilité, 3, p. 43-46. (Jeunes et Mineurs en mobilité). https://omm.hypotheses.org/files/2018/12/JMM3-VL.pdf.

Résumé : Les migrants partagent des itinéraires jalonnés de lieux et évolue dans un ou des collectif(s) mais chaque parcours migratoire reste singulier. Toutefois, l’usage « générique » actuel du terme route, par les politiques et les médias, masque ce qu’il y a de singulier et d’unique dans l’expérience migratoire, et laisse à penser que les parcours de chacun seraient devenus uniformes. Il n’en est rien, bien sûr.Dans ce contexte, il paraît utile de questionner le concept de « parcours migratoire » qui donne à comprendre l’épaisseur humaine, les temporalités et la dimension probabiliste des processus à l’œuvre sur les routes de la migration. Ce concept rend compte aussi des interactions socio-spatiales, plus largement des échanges entre les acteurs (migrants, policiers, douaniers, groupes criminels), et de la multiplicité parfois contradictoire (...) des moyens par lesquels les migrants se connectent à des collectifs. Pour le géographe, une telle approche du parcours renvoie « a priori » au référentiel épistémologique particulier de l’analyse spatiale. Toutefois, les segmentations qui fondent les initiatives des migrants tout au long de leur parcours, n’exclut pas de considérer que le parcours migratoire articule des « territorialités discontinues ». Et en sens, le concept de « Territoires archipels » paraît de plus en plus approprié pour représenter et analyser la structure et la dynamique des parcours migratoires actuels.

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

Ruf Thierry et Kleiche-Dray Mina (2018) « Les eaux d’irrigation du Haouz de Marrakech : un siècle de confrontations des modèles de gestion publics, privés et communautaires », EchoGéo, 43 (43) (mars 22), p. art. no 15185 [42 p. en ligne]. DOI : 10.4000/echogeo.15258. http://journals.openedition.org/echogeo/15258.

Résumé : Dans le monde de l'irrigation, la région de Marrakech est connue pour l'ancienneté et la complexité de réseaux de canaux de surface, les seguias, alimentés par les oueds du Haut Atlas et de réseaux de galeries drainantes, les khettaras, qui ramènent en surface les eaux de la nappe phréatique. Dans les années 1970, la gestion de ces ouvrages hydrauliques suivait différents modèles : la gestion coutumière, el &8216;urf, qui a subi des modifications à la fois du temps du protectorat et après l'indépendance, la gestion publique initiée par le protectorat puis élaborée à partir de barrages et de transferts d'eau réalisés par l'État marocain indépendant et la gestion privée liée aux décisions d'exploitation prises par des investisseurs pour pomper directement dans la nappe. Quarante ans après les travaux du sociologue Paul Pascon sur la société composite du Haouz de Marrakech, nous avons cherché ici dans la même veine à comprendre les évolutions spatiales et historiques de ces modèles de gestion, en particulier dans l'aire d'action de l'Office régional de mise en valeur agricole du Haouz, dont P. Pascon fut l'un des premiers directeurs. L'étude a porté sur trois hydro-systèmes, celui de la Tessaout, du Haouz Central et du N'Fis dont les trajectoires diffèrent. Elle conjugue l'approche géographique précise des réseaux et l'analyse historique grâce aux archives anciennes que l'ORMVAH conserve à Marrakech. En instituant un service hydraulique d'État, le protectorat a figé les droits d'eau anciens pour en définir de nouveaux au profit des colons. Nonobstant, si les khettaras ont disparu par tarissement général du fait de la surexploitation de la nappe, de nombreuses seguias communautaires continuent de fonctionner en 2018, sauf dans la Tessaout où l'administration marocaine a joué sur la rupture totale avec l'ancienne trame hydraulique et foncière. Le Haouz central dispose d'un outil hydraulique nouveau, le canal de Rocade, dont la gestion par quotas ne permet pas de répondre aux besoins des cultures irriguées. Cela a incité ceux qui en avaient les moyens à multiplier les forages dans une concurrence effrénée. Le N'Fis est l'archétype du maintien de la gestion plurielle du Haouz, où différents réseaux anciens et modernes se superposent pour gérer des eaux régulées publiques et communautaires, des eaux non régulées communautaires et des systèmes d'extraction privés dans la nappe. Nous montrons ici que tous ces réseaux continuent à être interdépendants malgré une absence de conciliation entre les différents acteurs. Cependant, leurs fonctionnements efficaces, justes et durables n'ont pu émerger ni dans la démarche bureaucratique historique, ni dans la course d'accaparement privée en cours aujourd'hui. Construire des communautés d'usagers de l'eau agricole sur la trame géographique des réseaux et prenant en compte leurs singularités historiques est un chantier encore à mener.

Mots-clés : AMENAGEMENT HYDRAULIQUE, CANAL, COURS D'EAU, CULTURE IRRIGUEE, ETUDE COMPARATIVE, FORAGE, GESTION COMMUNAUTAIRE, GESTION DE L'EAU, GESTION PRIVEE, GESTION PUBLIQUE, HAOUZ PLAINE, HISTOIRE, IRRIGATION, MAROC, MARRAKECH, MODELISATION, N'FIS COURS D'EAU, POMPAGE, RESSOURCES EN EAU, ROCADE CANAL.

Sadoine Margaux L., Smargiassi Audrey, Ridde Valéry, Tusting Lucy S. et Zinszer Kate (2018) « The associations between malaria, interventions, and the environment: a systematic review and meta-analysis », Malaria Journal, 17 (1). DOI : 10.1186/s12936-018-2220-x. https://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12936-018-2220-x.

Résumé : Malaria transmission is driven by multiple factors, including complex and multifaceted connections between malaria transmission, socioeconomic conditions, climate and interventions. Forecasting models should account for all significant drivers of malaria incidence although it is first necessary to understand the relationship between malaria burden and the various determinants of risk to inform the development of forecasting models. In this study, the associations between malaria risk, environmental factors, and interventions were evaluated through a systematic review.

Samb Oumar Mallé et Ridde Valery (2018) « The impact of free healthcare on women's capability: A qualitative study in rural Burkina Faso », Social Science & Medicine, 197 (janvier), p. 9-16. DOI : 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.11.045. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953617307189.

Résumé : In March 2006, the government of Burkina Faso implemented an 80% subsidy for emergency obstetric and neonatal care (EmONC). To complement this subsidy, an NGO decided to cover the remaining 20% in two districts of the country, making EmONC completely free for women there. In addition, the NGO instituted fee exemptions for children under five years of age in those two districts. We conducted a qualitative study in 2011 to examine the impact of these free healthcare interventions on women's capability. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 40 women, 16 members of health centre management committees, and eight healthcare workers in three health districts, as well as a documentary analysis. Results showed free healthcare helped reinforce women's capability to make health decisions by eliminating the need for them to negotiate access to household resources, which in turn helped shorten delays in health services use. Other effects were also observed, such as increased self-esteem among the women and greater respect within their marital relationship. However, cultural barriers remained, limiting women's capability to achieve certain things they valued, such as contraception. In conclusion, this study's results illustrate the transformative effect that eliminating fees for obstetric care can have on women's capability to make health decisions and their social position. Furthermore, if women's capability is to be strengthened, the results impel us to go beyond health and to organize social and economic policies to reinforce their positions in other spheres of social life.

Mots-clés : Access, Burkina Faso, Capability, Empowerment, Free healthcare, Gender, Qualitative method, Social norms.

ScienceDirect Full Text PDF 517.8 kio (source)

Saré Diane, Pérez Dennis, Somé Paul-André, Kafando Yamba, Barro Ahmed et Ridde Valéry (2018) « Community-based dengue control intervention in Ouagadougou: intervention theory and implementation fidelity », Global Health Research and Policy, 3 (1) (décembre). DOI : 10.1186/s41256-018-0078-7. https://ghrp.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41256-018-0078-7.

Schantz Clémence (2018) « Quelles interventions au cours de la grossesse diminuent le risque de lésions périnéales ? RPC Prévention et protection périnéale en obstétrique CNGOF », Gynécologie Obstétrique Fertilité & Sénologie, 46 (12) (décembre), p. 922-927. DOI : 10.1016/j.gofs.2018.10.027. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2468718918302824.

Résumé : Objectif Évaluer l’efficacité des différentes interventions pendant la grossesse (massage périnéal prénatal, dispositif Epi-No, exercices de renforcement des muscles du plancher pelvien) sur la protection périnéale dans le post-partum. Méthodologie Une revue systématique de la littérature a été menée sur PubMed, incluant des articles en langue française et anglaise publiés avant mai 2018, afin d’évaluer l’efficacité de ces trois interventions sur la protection périnéale dans le post-partum. Résultats Le massage périnéal au cours de la grossesse diminue le taux d’épisiotomie (NP1) ainsi que les douleurs périnéales et l’incontinence aux gaz dans le post-partum (NP2). Il ne diminue pas le taux de LOSA (NP1), ou le taux d’incontinence urinaire en post-partum (NP2). L’utilisation du dispositif Epi-No n’apporte pas de bénéfice en termes de protection périnéale obstétricale (NP1). Enfin, les exercices prénataux de renforcement des muscles du plancher pelvien ne préviennent pas du risque de lésions périnéales obstétricales (NP2) ; ils diminuent la prévalence de l’incontinence urinaire dans le post-partum entre 3 et 6 mois mais ne diminuent pas la prévalence de l’incontinence urinaire à 12 mois du post-partum (NP2). Conclusion Le massage périnéal pendant la grossesse doit être encouragé chez les femmes souhaitant le pratiquer (grade B). Ce qui semble être efficace est un massage périnéal pratiqué par la femme ou le partenaire, au minimum trois fois par semaine, initié à 34 semaines de grossesse (36 SA). L’utilisation du dispositif Epi-No pendant la grossesse n’est pas recommandée pour prévenir les LOSA (grade B). Pour prévenir les LOSA, il n’est pas recommandé de pratiquer des exercices de renforcement des muscles du plancher pelvien pendant la grossesse (grade B). Pour la prévention de l’incontinence urinaire, l’absence d’effet démontré à moyen terme ne permet pas de formuler une recommandation (accord professionnel).

Schantz Clémence (2018) « Une éthique anti-déontologique ? », La Revue Sage-Femme, 17 (1) (février), p. 7-12. DOI : 10.1016/j.sagf.2017.08.002. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1637408817301037.

Résumé : Au moment où les sages-femmes françaises sont de plus en plus nombreuses à entreprendre des recherches scientifiques, cet article souhaite interroger les tensions qu’il peut exister entre notre code de déontologie de sage-femme et les modalités concrètes de l’enquête de terrain. À travers l’exemple d’une recherche doctorale en sciences sociales menée à Phnom-Penh au Cambodge sur certaines pratiques qui touchent au périnée des femmes (épisiotomie et périnéorraphie), cet article illustre la richesse, mais aussi les difficultés de la production de données auxquelles peut être confrontée une sage-femme dans le cadre de sa recherche.

Schantz Clémence, Ravit Marion, Traoré Abou Bakary, Aboubakar Moufalilou, Goyet Sophie, de Loenzien Myriam et Dumont Alexandre (2018) « Why are caesarean section rates so high in facilities in Mali and Benin? », Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare, 16 (juin), p. 10-14. DOI : 10.1016/j.srhc.2018.01.001. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1877575617303208.

Résumé : Objective: To assess new estimates of caesarean section (c-section) rates in facilities in two sub-Saharan countries using the Robson classification. Methods: This study is a retrospective study. Workshops were organized in Mali and Benin in 2017 to train health care professionals in the use of the Robson classification. Nine health facilities in Mali and Benin were selected to participate in the study. Data for deliveries performed in 2014, 2015, and 2016 were included. Results: A total of 12,472 deliveries were included. The overall c-section rate was high in facilities in both countries: 31.0% in Mali and 43.9% in Benin. Women classified as high-risk (groups 6-10) were small relative contributors to the overall c-section rate (19.3% in Mali and 25.3% in Benin), while low-risk women (groups 1-4) were high relative contributors (55.4% in Mali and 45.2% in Benin). C-section rates in women who had undergone a previous c-section were especially high in both countries (84.0% in Mali; 82.5% in Benin). This group was the largest contributor to the overall c-section rates in both countries. Conclusions: We found high c-section rates in facilities in Mali and Benin, particularly for low-risk women and for women with a previous c-section. Further investigations should be carried out to understand why the c-section rates are so high in these facilities. Strategies must be implemented to avoid unnecessary c-sections, which potentially lead to further complications, particularly in countries with high fertility rates.

Som 1 Joseph Désiré (2018) « The regional equilibrium in Cameroon. Social equity policy or ethnic drift », Transylvznian Review, 27 (1), p. 31-49.

Résumé : The policy of quotas for access to the civil service, also called ethnicity balance policy, is a controversial subject that crystallizes the ethnic and political tensions in Cameroon. It is understood by most Cameroonians as a premium to certain ethnic groups to the detriment of other ethnic groups. It was established in Cameroon in the early 1980s with the mission of contributing to the building of the Cameroonian nation. We analyze the policy of quotas of access to the civil service in Cameroon to understand its origin, the meaning, and the way in which it is perceived and. evaluated by the Cameroonians. From a comparative sociohistorical approach to politics, far from culturalist approaches, we approach regional equilibrium as a mechanism for public action. Our text is based on the analysis of various sources of archive, as well as on a survey of 257 Cameroonians resident in Cameroon and abroad.

Mots-clés : Cameroon, ethnicity ethnic quota policy, national unity, regional equilibrium, ⛔ No DOI found.

Turcotte-Tremblay Anne-Marie, De Allegri Manuela, Gali-Gali Idriss Ali et Ridde Valéry (2018) « The unintended consequences of combining equity measures with performance-based financing in Burkina Faso », International Journal for Equity in Health, 17 (1) (décembre). DOI : 10.1186/s12939-018-0780-6. https://equityhealthj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12939-018-0780-6.

Résumé : Background: User fees and poor quality of care contribute to low use of healthcare services in Burkina Faso. The government implemented an innovative intervention that combines equity measures with performance-based financing (PBF). These health equity measures included a community-based selection of indigents to receive user fee exemptions and paying healthcare centres higher purchase prices for services provided to indigents. Research suggests complex interventions can trigger changes not targeted by program planners. To date, however, there is a knowledge gap regarding the unintended consequences that can emerge from combining PBF with health equity measures. Our objective is to document unintended consequences of the equity measures in this complex intervention. Methods: We developed a conceptual framework using the diffusion of innovations theory. For the design, we conducted a multiple case study. The cases were four healthcare facilities in one district. We collected data through 93 semi-structured interviews, informal discussions, observation, as well as intervention documents. We conducted thematic analysis using a hybrid deductive-inductive approach. We also used secondary data to describe the monthly evolution of services provided to indigent and non-indigent patients before and after indigent cards were distributed. Time series graphs were used to validate some results. Results: Local actors, including members of indigent selection committees and healthcare workers, re-invented elements of the PBF equity measures over which they had control to increase their relative advantage or to adapt to implementation challenges and context. Some individuals who did not meet the local conceptualization of indigents were selected to the detriment of others who did. Healthcare providers believed that distributing free medications led to financial difficulties and drug shortages, especially given the low purchase prices and long payment delays. Healthcare workers adopted measures to limit free services delivered to indigents, which led to conflicts between indigents and providers. Ultimately, selected indigents received uncertain and unequal coverage. Conclusions: The severity of unintended consequences undermined the effectiveness and equity of the intervention. If the intervention is prolonged and expanded, decision-makers and implementers will have to address these unintended consequences to reduce inequities in accessing care.

Turcotte-Tremblay Anne-Marie, Gautier Lara, Bodson Oriane, Sambieni Emmanuel et Ridde Valéry (2018) « Le rôle des acteurs de la santé mondiale dans l’expansion du financement basé sur la performance dans les pays à faible et à moyen revenu. », Journal de Gestion et d’Économie Médicales, 36 (5-6), p. 261-279. DOI : 10.3917/jgem.185.0261.

Vampo Charlotte (2018) « Les cheffes d’entreprise et jeunes entrepreneures de Lomé (Togo) : des « superwomen » de la double journée de travail professionnel et domestique ? », Enfances Familles Générations. Revue interdisciplinaire sur la famille contemporaine (en ligne), 29 (mai 15), p. 20. DOI : 10.7202/1051495ar. http://journals.openedition.org/efg/2015.

Résumé : Cadre de la recherche : Le Togo, pays à forte tradition commerciale, présente un taux élevé d’activité des femmes. Celles-ci sont encouragées à entreprendre et disposent librement de leurs revenus. Parallèlement, elles ont la charge quasi intégrale du travail domestique. Si la plupart d’entre elles sont cantonnées aux activités informelles, certaines cheffes d’entreprise ont réussi à se faire une place dans la capitale dans des secteurs émergents de l’économie formelle. L’enquête porte sur ces archétypes de l’émancipation féminine par le travail, qui ont fait des études supérieures et qui sont dans des associations qui promeuvent l’entrepreneuriat des femmes et leur empowerment. Objectifs : Cet article explore la manière dont elles adhèrent à la division sexuelle du travail (DST) traditionnelle. Il questionne les ressources dont elles disposent pour gérer leur quotidien entre contraintes familiales et obligations professionnelles dans le but de discuter les reconfigurations dans les rôles genrés. Méthodologie : Pour ce faire, la réflexion s’appuie sur des terrains ethnographiques réalisés à Lomé au cours des cinq dernières années. Une micro-analyse des rapports de genre est privilégiée dans le souci d’appréhender les itinéraires de réussite des entrepreneures dans une approche relationnelle. Le matériel empirique se compose d’entretiens, d’observations en entreprises et en dehors de celles-ci, de discussions informelles et d’un questionnaire sur la répartition des dépenses et des tâches au quotidien. Résultats : Les résultats indiquent que la conciliation travail professionnel-travail domestique est considérée comme un devoir de femme mariée. La principale ressource dont disposent ces femmes pour s’organiser est le transfert des charges domestiques sur d’autres femmes autant au domicile que dans l’entreprise. Conclusions : L’adhésion à la DST est déterminée par la place occupée par le mariage dans la réussite et par des enjeux de reconnaissance sociale associés au rôle reproducteur des femmes. Les cheffes d’entreprise de Lomé ne pourraient pas être les superwomen qu’elles essayent d’être sans le recours à d’autres femmes. Contribution : L’accès des femmes à des postes à fortes responsabilités ne modifie pas complètement les rôles de genre si l’on se penche spécifiquement sur la division sexuelle du travail. La reconfiguration des rapports de genre est partiellement dépendante de l’empowerment économique des femmes. Toutefois, la négociation sociale du statut de cheffe d’entreprise se fait dans la transgression des normes de genre mais surtout dans la perpétuation d’un ordre inégalitaire de genre qui accompagne paradoxalement les changements. Cet article nous invite à reconsidérer l’empowerment comme un processus socio-politique à la fois individuel et collectif.

Vignier Nicolas, Desgrées du Loû Annabel, Pannetier Julie, Ravalihasy Andrainolo, Gosselin Anne, Lert France, Lydié Nathalie, Bouchaud Olivier, Dray Spira Rosemary et the PARCOURS Study Group (2018) « Access to health insurance coverage among sub-Saharan African migrants living in France: Results of the ANRS-PARCOURS study », éd. par Michael Gusmano, PLOS ONE, 13 (2) (février 15), p. e0192916. DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0192916. http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192916.

Résumé : Background Migrants' access to care depends on their health insurance coverage in the host country. We aimed to evaluate in France the dynamic and the determinants of health insurance coverage acquisition among sub-Saharan migrants. Methods In the PARCOURS life-event retrospective survey conducted in 2012-2013 in health-care facilities in the Paris region, data on health insurance coverage (HIC) each year since arrival in France has been collected among three groups of sub-Saharan migrants recruited in primary care centres (N = 763), centres for HIV care (N = 923) and for chronic hepatitis B care (N = 778). Year to year, the determinants of the acquisition and lapse of HIC were analysed with mixed-effects logistic regression models. Results In the year of arrival, 63.4% of women and 55.3% of men obtained HIC. But three years after arrival, still 14% of women and 19% of men had not obtained HIC. HIC acquisition was accelerated in case of HIV or hepatitis B infection, for migrants arrived after 2000, and for women in case of pregnancy and when they were studying. Conversely, it was slowed down in case of lack of a residency permit and lack of financial resources for men. In addition, women and men without residency permits were more likely to have lost HIC when they had one. Conclusion In France, the health insurance system aiming at protecting all, including undocumented migrants, leads to a prompt access to HIC for migrants from sub-Saharan Africa. Nevertheless, this access may be impaired by administrative and social insecurities.

Mots-clés : AFRIQUE SUBSAHARIENNE, FRANCE.

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