Références bibliographiques

Paul Elisabeth, Brown Garrett W., Kalk Andreas et Ridde Valéry (2021) « Playing vaccine roulette: Why the current strategy of staking everything on Covid-19 vaccines is a high-stakes wager », Vaccine (juillet), p. S0264410X21009233. DOI : 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.07.045. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0264410X21009233.

Paul Elisabeth, Brown Garrett, Dechamps Mélanie, Kalk Andreas, Laterre Pierre-François, Rentier Bernard, Ridde Valéry et Zizi Martin (2021) « COVID-19: an ‘extraterrestrial’ disease? », International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 110 (septembre 1), p. 155. DOI : 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.07.051. https://hal.science/hal-03485589.

Résumé : Background - Since the beginning of the pandemic, COVID-19 has been regarded as an exceptional disease. Control measures have exclusively focused on ‘the virus’, while failing to account for other biological and social factors that determine severe forms of the disease. Aim- We argue that although COVID-19 was initially considered a new challenge, justifying extraordinary response measures, this situation has changed — and so should our response. Main arguments- We now know that COVID-19 shares many features of common infectious respiratory diseases, and can now ascertain that SARS-CoV-2 has not suddenly presented new problems. Instead, it has exposed and exacerbated existing problems in health systems and the underlying health of the population. COVID-19 is evidently not an ‘extraterrestrial’ disease. It is a complex zoonotic disease, and it needs to be managed as such, following long-proven principles of medicine and public health. Conclusion - A complex disease cannot be solved through a simple, magic-bullet cure or vaccine. The heterogeneity of population profiles susceptible to developing a severe form of COVID-19 suggests the need to adopt varying, targeted measures that are able to address risk profiles in an appropriate way. The critical role of comorbidities in disease severity calls for short-term, virus-targeted interventions to be complemented with medium-term policies aimed at reducing the burden of comorbidities, as well as mitigating the risk of transition from infection to disease. Strategies required include upstream prevention, early treatment, and consolidation of the health system.

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Pérez Dennis, Robert Emilie, Pérez Elsury J., Vanlerberghe Veerle, Lefèvre Pierre et Ridde Valéry (2021) « A Realist Synthesis of Community-Based Interventions in Vector-Borne Diseases », The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (mars 1). DOI : 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0944. https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/aop/article-10.4269-ajtmh.20-0944/article-10.4269-ajtmh.20-0944.xml.

Résumé : Randomized control trials have provided evidence that some community-based interventions (CBIs) work in vector-borne diseases (VBDs). Conversely, there is limited evidence on how well those CBIs succeed in producing specific outcomes in different contexts. To conduct a realist synthesis for knowledge translation on this topic, we examined the extent to which realist concepts (context, mechanisms, and outcomes) and their relationships are present in the existing literature on CBIs for VBDs. Articles on CBIs were identified from prior scoping reviews of health interventions for VBDs. Content of the articles was extracted verbatim if it referred either to realist concepts or CBI features. The number of articles and the average number of words extracted per category per CBI were quantified. Content of the articles was scrutinized to inductively gather qualitative evidence on the interactions between realist concepts. We reviewed 41 articles on 17 CBIs from 12 countries. The average number of words used for mechanisms was much lower than those used for outcomes and context (309,474, and 836, respectively). The average number of words used for mechanisms increased when a CBI was described in three or more articles. There were more extensive accounts on CBI features than on mechanisms. It was difficult to gather evidence on the interactions among realist concepts from the content of the articles. Scarce reporting on mechanisms in published articles limits conducting a realist synthesis of CBIs in VBDs. More transdisciplinary research that goes beyond the biomedical paradigm is needed to boost the development of intervention mechanisms in this field.

Pérouse de Montclos Marc-Antoine (2021) « Saudi Wahhabis and Jihadi Terrorism in Africa: Between fairy tales and conspiracy theories », p. pp.74. https://hal.science/hal-03909956.

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

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Pérouse de Montclos Marc-Antoine (2021) « Humanitarian aid and terrorism in the Sahel: Preventing or fuelling conflicts? », p. 538. https://hal.science/hal-03909962.

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

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Pérouse de Montclos Marc-Antoine (2021) « Contes et légendes de la pauvreté », p. pp.307. https://hal.science/hal-03909971.

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

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Petit Véronique, Robin Nelly et Martin Nelly (2021) « Spatialité et temporalité de l’épidémie de la Covid-19 au Sénégal. Le processus de production des données sanitaires au regard des discontinuités territoriales », Revue francophone sur la santé et les territoires (juin 11). DOI : 10.4000/rfst.1150. http://journals.openedition.org/rfst/1150.

Petitfour Laurène, Bonnet Emmanuel, Mathevet Isadora, Nikiema Aude et Ridde Valéry (2021) « Out-of-pocket payments and catastrophic expenditures due to traffic injuries in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso », Health Economics Review, 11 (1), p. 46. DOI : 10.1186/s13561-021-00344-w. https://healtheconomicsreview.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13561-021-00344-w.

Résumé : Abstract Objective To estimate the out-of-pocket expenditures linked to Road Traffic Injuries in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, as well as the prevalence of catastrophic expenditures among those out-of-pocket payments, and to identify the socio-economic determinants of catastrophic expenditures due to Road Traffic Injuries. Methods We surveyed every admission at the only trauma unit of Ouagadougou between January and July 2015 at the time of their admission, 7 days and 30 days later. We estimate a total amount of out-of-pocket expenditures paid by each patient. We considered an expense as catastrophic when it represented 10% at least of the annual global consumption of the patient’s household. We used linear models to determine if socio-economic characteristics were associated to a greater or smaller ratio between out-of-pocket payment and global annual consumption. Findings We surveyed 1323 Road injury victims three times (admission, Days 7 and 30). They paid in average 46,547 FCFA (83.64 US dollars) for their care, which represent a catastrophic expenditure for 19% of them. Less than 5% of the sample was covered by a health insurance scheme. Household economic status is found to be the first determinant of catastrophic health expenditure occurrence, exhibiting a significant and negative on the ratio between road injury expenditures and global consumption. Conclusion Our findings highlight the importance of developing health insurance schemes to protect poor households from the economic burden of road traffic injuries and improve equity in front of health shocks.

Petitprez Karine, Mattuizzi Aurélien, Guillaume Sophie, Arnal Maud, Artzner France, Bernard Catherine, Caron François-Marie, Chevalier Isabelle, Daussy-Urvoy Claude, Ducloy-Bouthorsc Anne-Sophie, Garnier Jean-Michel, Keita-Meyer Hawa, Lavillonnière Jacqueline, Lejeune-Sadaa Valérie, Le Ray Camille, Morandeau Anne, Nadjafizade Marjan, Pizzagalli Franck, Schantz Clemence, Schmitz Thomas, Shojai Raha, Hédon Bernard et Sentilhes Loïc (2021) « Normal delivery: physiologic support and medical interventions. Guidelines of the French National Authority for Health (HAS) with the collaboration of the French College of Gynecologists and Obstetricians (CNGOF) and the French College of Midwives (CNSF) », The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine (mai 12), p. 1-10. DOI : 10.1080/14767058.2021.1918089. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14767058.2021.1918089.

Résumé : Objective: To define for women at low obstetric risk methods of management that respect the rhythm and the spontaneous course of giving birth as well as each woman’s preferences. Methods: These clinical practice guidelines were developed through professional consensus based on an analysis of the literature and of the French and international guidelines available on this topic. Results: Labor should be monitored with a partograph (professional consensus). Digital cervical examination should be offered every 4 h during the first stage of labor, hourly during the second. The choice between continuous (cardiotocography) or discontinuous (by cardiotocography or intermittent auscultation) monitoring should be left to the woman (professional consensus). In the active phase of the first stage of labor, dilation speed is considered abnormal if it is less than 1 cm/4 h between 5 and 7 cm or less than 1 cm/2 h after 7 cm. In those cases, an amniotomy is recommended if the membranes are intact, and the administration of oxytocin if the membranes are already broken and uterine contractions are judged insufficient (professional consensus). It is recommended that pushing not begin when full dilation has been reached; rather, the fetus should be allowed to descend (grade A). Umbilical cord clamping should be delayed beyond the first 30 s in newborns who do not require resuscitation (grade C). Conclusion: The establishment of these clinical practice guidelines should enable women at low obstetric risk to receive better care in conditions of optimal safety while supporting physiologic birth.

Pierce L, Zahreddine C, Abreu K, Dantas M. A., Caprara A, Ridde Valéry et Zinszer K (2021) « Dengue knowledge, attitudes, and practices : baseline data from the COESA study », AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE, 105 (5) (novembre), p. 326-326.

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

Pison Leslie (2021) « La dissonance dans le dissensus : manifestations et conséquences argumentatives d’une attaque psychologisante », Argumentation et analyse du discours, 27 (octobre 14). DOI : 10.4000/aad.5820. http://journals.openedition.org/aad/5820.

Résumé : L’objectif de cet article est de décrire le fonctionnement argumentatif de l’expression « dissonance cognitive » sur le réseau social Twitter. La démarche descriptive proposée s’attache à rendre compte de l’usage de ce lexème dans le cadre d’échanges polémiques. La spécificité de l’expression « dissonance cognitive », contrairement à d’autres attaques psychiatrisantes, réside dans le fait qu’elle est également une critique méta-argumentative. En effet, « dissonance cognitive » désigne initialement en sciences cognitives une incohérence entre deux éléments perçus par le cerveau. Les analyses menées dans cet article, en portant notamment une attention particulière au contre-discours, montrent que cette théorisation est réinvestie lors de l’usage argumentatif de « dissonance cognitive », qui produit un double mouvement de réfutation-disqualification. L’argument de la dissonance cognitive est par conséquent assimilable à un ad hominem tu quoque.

Quet Mathieu (2021) « Fakeness, Human-Object Fluidity and Ethnic Suspicion on the Kenyan Pharmaceutical Market », Journal of African Cultural Studies, 33 (3) (juillet 3), p. 359-363. DOI : 10.1080/13696815.2021.1886057. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13696815.2021.1886057.

Ravalihasy Andrainolo, Rude Nathalie, Yazdanpanah Yazdan, Kardas-Sloma Lidia, Desgrées du Loû Annabel, Gosselin Anne et Ridde Valéry (2021) « Development and Validation of an HIV/AIDS Empowerment Scale for Impact Intervention Evaluation. An Example from the MAKASI Intervention », American Journal of Health Education (août 6), p. 1-11. DOI : 10.1080/19325037.2021.1955230. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19325037.2021.1955230.

Résumé : Background The MAKASI intervention aimed to empower sub-Saharan immigrants living in the Paris metropolitan area regarding sexual health and reduce their HIV exposure. The intervention was developed based upon a theoretical model of individual empowerment. Purpose A scale was developed using sixteen 4-point Likert items adapted from existing tools to measure HIV/AIDS empowerment as an intervention outcome. This study describes the psychometric validation of this scale. Methods Data from 433 participants were used. Construct validity and internal consistency were assessed using factor analysis and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (α). The scale’s predictive validity for health and social outcomes was assessed using bivariable logistic regressions. Results Five dimensions were identified: i) sexual communication; ii) perceived control at the individual level; iii) knowledge of HIV treatment and social resources; iv) ability to find and understand healthcare information; and v) ability to understand and use disease prevention messages. The internal consistency (α = 0.71) and predictive validity (p < .05) were satisfactory.

Rice Benjamin L., Annapragada Akshaya, Baker Rachel E., Bruijning Marjolein, Dotse-Gborgbortsi Winfred, Mensah Keitly, Miller Ian F., Motaze Nkengafac Villyen, Raherinandrasana Antso, Rajeev Malavika, Rakotonirina Julio, Ramiadantsoa Tanjona, Rasambainarivo Fidisoa, Yu Weiyu, Grenfell Bryan T., Tatem Andrew J. et Metcalf C. Jessica E. (2021) « Variation in SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks across sub-Saharan Africa », Nature Medicine, 27 (3) (mars), p. 447-453. DOI : 10.1038/s41591-021-01234-8. http://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-021-01234-8.

Résumé : A surprising feature of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic to date is the low burdens reported in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries relative to other global regions. Potential explanations (for example, warmer environments(1), younger populations(2-4)) have yet to be framed within a comprehensive analysis. We synthesized factors hypothesized to drive the pace and burden of this pandemic in SSA during the period from 25 February to 20 December 2020, encompassing demographic, comorbidity, climatic, healthcare capacity, intervention efforts and human mobility dimensions. Large diversity in the probable drivers indicates a need for caution in interpreting analyses that aggregate data across low- and middle-income settings. Our simulation shows that climatic variation between SSA population centers has little effect on early outbreak trajectories; however, heterogeneity in connectivity, although rarely considered, is likely an important contributor to variance in the pace of viral spread across SSA. Our synthesis points to the potential benefits of context-specific adaptation of surveillance systems during the ongoing pandemic. In particular, characterizing patterns of severity over age will be a priority in settings with high comorbidity burdens and poor access to care. Understanding the spatial extent of outbreaks warrants emphasis in settings where low connectivity could drive prolonged, asynchronous outbreaks resulting in extended stress to health systems.

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Ridde Valery (2021) « L’épidémie de choléra en Haïti : histoire d’un fiasco des Nations Unies et de la persévérance d’un (collectif) chercheur français », Médecine Tropicale et Santé Internationale - magazine, 1 (février 19). http://revuemtsi.societe-mtsi.fr/index.php/bspe-mag/article/view/53.

Résumé : Alors que la pandémie de Covid-19 fait des ravages dans le monde, il est certainement utile de prendre un peu de recul épidémiologique. La lecture de l’ouvrage de Renaud Piarroux concernant son expérience de lutte contre l’épidémie de choléra en Haïti entre 2010 et 2018 est riche d’enseignements. Il montre le fiasco et les errances du système des Nations Unies et de certains de ses cadres mais aussi la vision étriquée des diplomates et des responsables de la santé mondiale française. Mais l’ouvrage est aussi précieux pour comprendre le fonctionnement académique de la santé publique mondiale, à l’image du désastre contemporain covidien : une santé publique biomédicale, orientée vers certaines maladies en particulier, sans vision interdisciplinaire et avec son lot de dérives, d’abus et de clientélisme scientifique. Les étudiant.es et les jeunes chercheur.es devraient pouvoir se saisir de cette analyse pour faire évoluer la situation…en espérant qu’on leur donne de la place.

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

Ridde Valery, Ba M. F., Gaye I., Diallo A. I., Bonnet Emmanuel et Faye A. (2021) « Participating in a vaccine trial for COVID-19 in Senegal: trust and information », Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics (juillet 19), p. 1-6. DOI : 10.1080/21645515.2021.1951097. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21645515.2021.1951097.

Résumé : This research aims to understand the level and determinants of people’s willingness to participate in a vaccine trial for COVID-19 in Senegal. We conducted a telephone survey among a marginal quota sample of 607 people over 18 years of age. Only 44.3% of the participants wanted to participate in a vaccine trial for COVID-19, with females intending to participate more than males (AOR = 1.82, 95% CI [1.22–2.72]). Participants who intended to be vaccinated against COVID-19 (AOR = 6.48, 95% CI [4.12–10.4]) and who thought that being infected with the coronavirus would have a significant impact on their health (AOR = 2.34, 95% CI [1.57, 3.51]) were more likely to agree to take part in the COVID-19 vaccine trial. Confidence in the vaccine, health personnel, and the government in the fight against the pandemic are key factors in participants’ willingness to participate in a vaccine trial in Senegal.

Ridde Valéry et Fillol Amandine (2021) « Santé Mondiale », Anthropen (juin 13). DOI : 10.47854/anthropen.vi0.51161. https://revues.ulaval.ca/ojs/index.php/anthropen/article/view/51161.

Résumé : La santé mondiale et sa définition sont l’objet de multiples débats dans un contexte de mondialisation. Elles souffrent encore d’un manque de clarté conceptuelle. Notre texte propose une analyse critique du vocable de santé mondiale. Après avoir décrit les définitions proposées, nous abordons les enjeux de pouvoir qui sont au cœur du fonctionnement et du quotidien de la santé mondiale que la nouvelle génération (si on lui laisse de la place) devra nécessairement affronter.

Mots-clés : Coopération.

Ridde Valéry, Gautier Lara, Dagenais Christian, Chabrol Fanny, Hou Renyou, Bonnet Emmanuel, David Pierre-Marie, Cloos Patrick, Duhoux Arnaud, Lucet Jean-Christophe, Traverson Lola, de Araujo Oliveira Sydia Rosana, Cazarin Gisele, Peiffer-Smadja Nathan, Touré Laurence, Coulibaly Abdourahmane, Honda Ayako, Noda Shinichiro, Tamura Toyomitsu, Baba Hiroko, Kodoi Haruka et Zinszer Kate (2021) « Learning from public health and hospital resilience to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: protocol for a multiple case study (Brazil, Canada, China, France, Japan, and Mali) », Health Research Policy and Systems, 19 (1) (mai 6), p. 76. DOI : 10.1186/s12961-021-00707-z. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-021-00707-z.

Résumé : All prevention efforts currently being implemented for COVID-19 are aimed at reducing the burden on strained health systems and human resources. There has been little research conducted to understand how SARS-CoV-2 has affected health care systems and professionals in terms of their work. Finding effective ways to share the knowledge and insight between countries, including lessons learned, is paramount to the international containment and management of the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this project is to compare the pandemic response to COVID-19 in Brazil, Canada, China, France, Japan, and Mali. This comparison will be used to identify strengths and weaknesses in the response, including challenges for health professionals and health systems.

Ridde Valéry et Hane Fatoumata (2021) « La couverture sanitaire universelle : un toit percé depuis trop longtemps », AOC.Média (décembre 10). https://hal.ird.fr/ird-03473381.

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

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Ridde Valéry et Hane Fatoumata (2021) « Universal health coverage: the roof has been leaking for far too long », BMJ Global Health, 6 (12) (décembre), p. e008152. DOI : 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-008152. https://gh.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-008152.

Ridde Valéry, Ouedraogo Samiratou et Yaya Sanni (2021) « Closing the diversity and inclusion gaps in francophone public health: a wake-up call », BMJ Global Health, 6 (2) (février), p. e005231. DOI : 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005231. https://gh.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005231.

Ridde Valéry, Saré Diane, Quan Nha Hong, et Pluye Pierre (2021) « Grilles pour décrire les interventions populationnelles dans les revues des écrits scientifiques en santé », McGill Family Medicine Studies Online, 16:e02.

Résumé : L'étude a pour objectif de répertorier toutes les grilles de description des interventions populationnelles et celles qui soutiennent l’extraction des données pour la réalisation des revues systématiques des écrits scientifiques en santé publique.

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

Rouveau Nicolas, Ky-Zerbo Odette, Boye Sokhna, Simo Fotso Arlette, d’Elbée Marc, Maheu-Giroux Mathieu, Silhol Romain, Kouassi Arsène Kra, Vautier Anthony, Doumenc-Aïdara Clémence, Breton Guillaume, Keita Abdelaye, Ehui Eboi, Ndour Cheikh Tidiane, Boilly Marie-Claude, Terris-Prestholt Fern, Pourette Dolorès, Desclaux Alice, Larmarange Joseph et ATLAS Team (2021) « Describing, analysing and understanding the effects of the introduction of HIV self-testing in West Africa through the ATLAS programme in Côte d’Ivoire, Mali and Senegal », BMC Public Health, 21 (1) (janvier 21), p. 181. DOI : 10.1186/s12889-021-10212-1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10212-1.

Résumé : The ATLAS programme aims to promote and implement HIV self-testing (HIVST) in three West African countries: Côte d’Ivoire, Mali, and Senegal. During 2019–2021, in close collaboration with the national AIDS implementing partners and communities, ATLAS plans to distribute 500,000 HIVST kits through eight delivery channels, combining facility-based, community-based strategies, primary and secondary distribution of HIVST. Considering the characteristics of West African HIV epidemics, the targets of the ATLAS programme are hard-to-reach populations: key populations (female sex workers, men who have sex with men, and drug users), their clients or sexual partners, partners of people living with HIV and patients diagnosed with sexually transmitted infections and their partners. The ATLAS programme includes research support implementation to generate evidence for HIVST scale-up in West Africa. The main objective is to describe, analyse and understand the social, health, epidemiological effects and cost-effectiveness of HIVST introduction in Côte d’Ivoire, Mali and Senegal to improve the overall HIV testing strategy (accessibility, efficacy, ethics). Methods ATLAS research is organised into five multidisciplinary workpackages (WPs): Key Populations WP: qualitative surveys (individual in-depth interviews, focus group discussions) conducted with key actors, key populations, and HIVST users. Index testing WP: ethnographic observation of three HIV care services introducing HIVST for partner testing. Coupons survey WP: an anonymous telephone survey of HIVST users. Cost study WP: incremental economic cost analysis of each delivery model using a top-down costing with programmatic data, complemented by a bottom-up costing of a representative sample of HIVST distribution sites, and a time-motion study for health professionals providing HIVST. Modelling WP: Adaptation, parameterisation and calibration of a dynamic compartmental model that considers the varied populations targeted by the ATLAS programme and the different testing modalities and strategies. Discussion ATLAS is the first comprehensive study on HIV self-testing in West Africa. The ATLAS programme focuses particularly on the secondary distribution of HIVST. This protocol was approved by three national ethic committees and the WHO’s Ethical Research Committee.

Mots-clés : Côte d’Ivoire, HIV self-testing, HIV/AIDS, Mali, Senegal, West Africa.

Rozée Virginie et Schantz Clémence (2021) « Les violences gynécologiques et obstétricales : construction d’une question politique et de santé publique », Sante Publique, 33 (5), p. 629-634. DOI : 10.3917/spub.215.0629. https://www.cairn.info/revue-sante-publique-2021-5-page-629.htm.

Résumé : Le concept de « violences gynécologiques et obstétricales » a émergé au début des années 2000 en Amérique latine dans les milieux militants et scientifiques. Il a été repris à partir des années 2010 dans les débats féministes et politiques français et européens. Les militantes féministes, notamment à travers les réseaux sociaux et les médias, ont joué un rôle important dans la construction de cette question de santé publique. Ce concept est aujourd’hui mobilisé dans l’espace public, politique et académique, en France et à l’international. Il recouvre des réalités et des pratiques médicales diverses et permet de rendre compte des expériences, à la fois objectives et subjectives, des femmes. Les travaux en sciences sociales qui mobilisent cette nouvelle approche conceptuelle sont de plus en plus nombreux. Ils portent cependant majoritairement sur l’accouchement, alors que le domaine de la gynécologie reste plus largement à explorer.

Ruiz de Elvira Laura (2021) « De l’engagement armé à l’engagement humanitaire : trajectoires militantes, émotions et sentiments moraux dans la Syrie post-2011: », Critique internationale, 91 (2) (avril 27), p. 23-44. DOI : 10.3917/crii.091.0026. https://www.cairn.info/revue-critique-internationale-2021-2-page-23.htm?ref=doi.

Saulnier Dell D, Blanchet Karl, Canila Carmelita, Cobos Muñoz Daniel, Dal Zennaro Livia, de Savigny Don, Durski Kara N, Garcia Fernando, Grimm Pauline Yongeun, Kwamie Aku, Maceira Daniel, Marten Robert, Peytremann-Bridevaux Isabelle, Poroes Camille, Ridde Valery, Seematter Laurence, Stern Barbara, Suarez Patricia, Teddy Gina, Wernli Didier, Wyss Kaspar et Tediosi Fabrizio (2021) « A health systems resilience research agenda: moving from concept to practice », BMJ Global Health, 6 (8) (août), p. e006779. DOI : 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006779. https://gh.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006779.

Résumé : Health system resilience, known as the ability for health systems to absorb, adapt or transform to maintain essential functions when stressed or shocked, has quickly gained popularity following shocks like COVID-19. The concept is relatively new in health policy and systems research and the existing research remains mostly theoretical. Research to date has viewed resilience as an outcome that can be measured through performance outcomes, as an ability of complex adaptive systems that is derived from dynamic behaviour and interactions, or as both. However, there is little congruence on the theory and the existing frameworks have not been widely used, which as diluted the research applications for health system resilience. A global group of health system researchers were convened in March 2021 to discuss and identify priorities for health system resilience research and implementation based on lessons from COVID-19 and other health emergencies. Five research priority areas were identified: (1) measuring and managing systems dynamic performance, (2) the linkages between societal resilience and health system resilience, (3) the effect of governance on the capacity for resilience, (4) creating legitimacy and (5) the influence of the private sector on health system resilience. A key to filling these research gaps will be longitudinal and comparative case studies that use cocreation and coproduction approaches that go beyond researchers to include policy-makers, practitioners and the public.

Schantz Clémence (2021) « Biomédicalisation massive de l’accouchement au Cambodge après 150 ans de résistance », Moussons, 38 (novembre 25), p. 85-110. DOI : 10.4000/moussons.8023. http://journals.openedition.org/moussons/8023.

Schantz Clémence, Lhotte Marie et Pantelias Anne-Charlotte (2021) « Dépasser les tensions éthiques devant les demandes maternelles de césarienne », Santé Publique, Vol. 32 (5) (mars 2), p. 497-505. DOI : 10.3917/spub.205.0497. https://cairn.info/revue-sante-publique-2020-5-page-497.htm?ref=doi.

Résumé : Introduction : Dans un contexte juridique centré sur le droit et l’autonomie de la patiente, certaines femmes souhaitent pouvoir choisir leur mode d’accouchement. Les sages-femmes étant les actrices de premier recours des femmes enceintes avec une grossesse physiologique, nous avons voulu savoir s’il était, pour elles, éthiquement recevable d’accompagner une femme dans sa décision de césarienne. Méthode : Cette enquête est une étude ancillaire du programme de recherche CESARIA validé par le Comité de Protection des Personnes Sud Méditerranée IV et déclaré au CNIL. Trente-sept entretiens semi-directifs ont été réalisés auprès de sages-femmes et de femmes. Résultats : La majorité des femmes et des sages-femmes partagent une vision de l’accouchement comme « naturel » et considèrent la demande de césarienne comme relevant de la déviance. Lorsqu’elle est formulée, cette demande place les sages-femmes dans une situation de tension éthique. D’une part, les sages-femmes souhaitent orienter les femmes vers l’accouchement par voie basse qu’elles considèrent comme étant la norme, et ce choix incarne les principes éthiques de bienfaisance et de non-malfaisance. D’autre part, les sages-femmes expriment vouloir respecter le choix et la liberté des patientes, illustrant le principe éthique de respect de l’autonomie. Conclusion : L’enjeu éthique de la césarienne sur demande ne se situe pas tant dans la décision d’accepter ou non une césarienne, mais plutôt dans l’écoute de cette demande. Prendre en considération une indication médicale plus largement que la simple indication obstétricale permet d’accompagner de manière éthique ces demandes, dans le respect de l’autonomie de la femme enceinte.

Schantz Clémence, Pantelias Anne-Charlotte, de Loenzien Myriam, Ravit Marion, Rozenberg Patrick, Louis-Sylvestre Christine et Goyet Sophie (2021) « ‘A caesarean section is like you've never delivered a baby’: A mixed methods study of the experience of childbirth among French women », Reproductive Biomedicine & Society Online, 12 (mars), p. 69-78. DOI : 10.1016/j.rbms.2020.10.003. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2405661820300277.

Résumé : The experience of childbirth has been technologized worldwide, leading to major social changes. In France, childbirth occurs almost exclusively in hospitals. Few studies have been published on the opinions of French women regarding obstetric technology and, in particular, caesarean section. In 2017–2018, we used a mixed methods approach to determine French women’s preferences regarding the mode of delivery, and captured their experiences and satisfaction in relation to childbirth in two maternity settings. Of 284 pregnant women, 277 (97.5%) expressed a preference for vaginal birth, while seven (2.5%) women expressed a preference for caesarean section. Vaginal birth was also preferred among 26 women who underwent an in-depth interview. Vaginal birth was perceived as more natural, less risky and less painful, and to favour mother–child bonding. This vision was shared by caregivers. The women who expressed a preference for vaginal birth tended to remain sexually active late in their pregnancy, to find sexual intercourse pleasurable, and to believe that vaginal birth would not enlarge their vagina. A large majority (94.5%) of women who gave birth vaginally were satisfied with their childbirth experience, compared with 24.3% of those who underwent caesarean section. The caring attitude of the caregivers contributed to increasing this satisfaction. The notion of women’s ‘empowerment’ emerged spontaneously in women’s discourse in this research: women who gave birth vaginally felt satisfied and empowered. The vision shared by caregivers and women that vaginal birth is a natural process contributes to the stability of caesarean section rates in France.

Schantz Clémence, Rozée Virginie et Molinier Pascale (2021) « Introduction. Les violences obstétricales, un nouvel axe de recherche pour les études de genre, un nouveau défi pour le soin et la société », Cahiers du Genre, 71 (2), p. 5-24. DOI : 10.3917/cdge.071.0005. https://www.cairn.info/revue-cahiers-du-genre-2021-2-page-5.htm.

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Schultz Emilien et Ward J.K. (2021) « Public perceptions of scientific advice: toward a science savvy public culture? », Public Health, 194 (mai), p. 86-88. DOI : 10.1016/j.puhe.2021.02.007. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0033350621000652.

Schultz Émilien, Ward Jeremy K., Atlani-Duault Laëtitia, Holmes Seth M. et Mancini Julien (2021) « French Public Familiarity and Attitudes toward Clinical Research during the COVID-19 Pandemic », International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18 (5) (mars 5), p. 2611. DOI : 10.3390/ijerph18052611. https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/5/2611.

Résumé : The COVID-19 pandemic put clinical research in the media spotlight globally. This article proposes a first measure of familiarity with and attitude toward clinical research in France. Drawing from the “Health Literacy Survey 2019” (HLS19) conducted online between 27 May and 5 June 2020 on a sample of the French adult population (N = 1003), we show that a significant proportion of the French population claimed some familiarity with clinical trials (64.8%) and had positive attitudes (72%) toward them. One of the important findings of this study is that positive attitudes toward clinical research exist side by side with a strong distancing from the pharmaceutical industry. While respondents acknowledged that the pharmaceutical industry plays an important role in clinical research (68.3%), only one-quarter indicated that they trust the industry (25.7%). Positive attitudes toward clinical trials were associated with familiarity with clinical trials (Odds Ratio, OR 2.97 [1.90–4.63]), financial difficulties (OR 0.63 [0.46–0.85]), as well as mistrust of doctors (0.48 [0.27–0.85]) and of scientists (OR 0.62 [0.38–0.99]). Although the French media provided a great deal of information on how clinical research works during the first months of the pandemic, there remains profound mistrust of the pharmaceutical industry in France. This suspicion can undermine crisis management, especially in the areas of vaccine development and preparation for future pandemics.

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Seppey Mathieu, Somé Paul-André et Ridde Valéry (2021) « Sustainability determinants of the Burkinabe performance-based financing project », Journal of Health Organization and Management, ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) (février 5). DOI : 10.1108/JHOM-04-2020-0137. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JHOM-04-2020-0137/full/html.

Résumé : A performance-based financing (PBF) pilot project was implemented in 2011 in Burkina Faso. After more than five years of implementation (data collection in 2016), the project's sustainability was not guaranteed. This study's objective is to assess this project's sustainability in 2016 by identifying the presence/absence of different determinants of sustainability according to the conceptual framework of Seppey et al. (2017). Design/methodology/approach It uses a case study approach using in-depth interviews with various actors at the local, district/regional and national levels. Participants (n= 37) included health practitioners, management team members, implementers and senior members of health directions. A thematic analysis based on the conceptual framework was conducted, as well as an inductive analysis. Findings Results show the project's sustainability level was weak according to an unequal presence of sustainability's determinants; some activities are being maintained but not fully routinised. Discrepancies between the project and the context's values appeared to be important barriers towards sustainability. Project's ownership by key stakeholders also seemed superficial despite the implementers' leadership towards its success. The project's objective towards greater autonomy for health centres was also directly confronting the Burkinabe's hierarchical health system. Originality/value This study reveals many fits and misfits between a PBF project and its context affecting its ability to sustain activities through time. It also underlines the importance of using a conceptual framework in implementing and evaluating interventions. These results could be interesting for decision-makers and implementers in further assessing PBF projects elsewhere.

Seppey Mathieu, Touré Laurence et Ridde Valéry (2021) « Defining an action-research’s content to improve a policy supporting indigents’ health in Mali: a concept mapping », Journal of Global Health Reports, 5 (avril 19), p. e2021031. DOI : 10.29392/001c.21956.

Sjoberg Daniel D., Whiting Karissa, Curry Michael, Lavery Jessica A. et Larmarange Joseph (2021) « The R Journal: Reproducible Summary Tables with the gtsummary Package », The R Journal, 13 (1) (août), p. 570-580. DOI : 10.32614/RJ-2021-053. https://doi.org/10.32614/RJ-2021-053/.

Résumé : The gtsummary package provides an elegant and flexible way to create publication-ready summary tables in R. A critical part of the work of statisticians, data scientists, and analysts is summarizing data sets and regression models in R and publishing or sharing polished summary tables. The gtsummary package was created to streamline these everyday analysis tasks by allowing users to easily create reproducible summaries of data sets, regression models, survey data, and survival data with a simple interface and very little code. The package follows a tidy framework, making it easy to integrate with standard data workflows, and offers many table customization features through function arguments, helper functions, and custom themes.

Sturmberg Joachim, Paul Elisabeth, Van Damme Wim, Ridde Valery, Brown Garrett W. et Kalk Andreas (2021) « The danger of the single storyline obfuscating the complexities of managing SARS‐CoV‐2/COVID‐19 », Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice (novembre 25), p. jep.13640. DOI : 10.1111/jep.13640. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jep.13640.

Testoni Federico E., García Carrillo Mercedes, Gagnon Marc-André, Rikap Cecilia et Blaustein Matías (2021) « Whose shoulders is health research standing on? Determining the key actors and contents of the prevailing biomedical research agenda », éd. par Quinn Grundy, PLOS ONE, 16 (4) (avril 7), p. e0249661. DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0249661. https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249661.

Résumé : Background Conflicts of interest in biomedical research can influence research results and drive research agendas away from public health priorities. Previous agenda-setting studies share two shortfalls: they only account for direct connections between academic institutions and firms, as well as potential bias based on researchers’ personal beliefs. This paper’s goal is to determine the key actors and contents of the prevailing health and biomedical sciences (HBMS) research agenda, overcoming these shortfalls. Methods We performed a bibliometric and lexical analysis of 95,415 scientific articles published between 1999 and 2018 in the highest impact factor journals within HBMS, using the Web of Science database and the CorText platform. HBMS’s prevailing knowledge network of institutions was proxied with network maps where nodes represent affiliations and edges the most frequent co-authorships. The content of the prevailing HBMS research agenda was depicted through network maps of prevalent multi-terms found in titles, keywords, and abstracts. Results The HBMS research agendas of large private firms and leading academic institutions are intertwined. The prevailing HBMS agenda is mostly based on molecular biology (40% of the most frequent multi-terms), with an inclination towards cancer and cardiovascular research (15 and 8% of the most frequent multi-terms, respectively). Studies on pathogens and biological vectors related to recent epidemics are marginal (1% of the most frequent multi-terms). Content of the prevailing HBMS research agenda prioritizes research on pharmacological intervention over research on socio-environmental factors influencing disease onset or progression and overlooks, among others, the study of infectious diseases. Conclusions Pharmaceutical corporations contribute to set HBMS’s prevailing research agenda, which is mainly focused on a few diseases and research topics. A more balanced research agenda, together with epistemological approaches that consider socio-environmental factors associated with disease spreading, could contribute to being better prepared to prevent and treat more diverse pathologies and to improve overall health outcomes.

Touzani Rajae, Schultz Emilien, Holmes Seth M, Vandentorren Stéphanie, Arwidson Pierre, Guillemin Francis, Rey Dominique, Rouquette Alexandra, Bouhnik Anne-Déborah et Mancini Julien (2021) « Early Acceptability of a Mobile App for Contact Tracing During the COVID-19 Pandemic in France: National Web-Based Survey », JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 9 (7) (juillet 19), p. e27768. DOI : 10.2196/27768. https://mhealth.jmir.org/2021/7/e27768.

Résumé : Background Several countries have implemented mobile apps in an attempt to trace close contacts of patients with COVID-19 and, in turn, reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2. However, the effectiveness of this approach depends on the adherence of a large segment of the population. Objective The aims of this study were to evaluate the acceptability of a COVID-19 contact tracing mobile app among the French population and to investigate the barriers to its use. Methods The Health Literacy Survey 2019 questioned 1003 people in France during the COVID-19 pandemic on the basis of quota sampling. The survey collected sociodemographic characteristics and health literacy data, as well as information on participants’ communication with caregivers, trust in institutions, and COVID-19 knowledge and preventive behaviors. The acceptability of a mobile app for contact tracing was measured by a single question, the responses to which were grouped into three modalities: app-supporting, app-willing, and app-reluctant. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the factors associated with the acceptability of a mobile app during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results Only 19.2% (193/1003) of all participants were app-supporting, whereas half of them (504/1003, 50.3%) were reluctant. The factors associated with willingness or support toward the contact tracing app included lower financial deprivation (app-willing: adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.8, 95% CI 0.69-0.93; app-supporting: aOR 0.7, 95% CI 0.58-0.84) and higher perceived usefulness of using a mobile app to send completed health questionnaires to doctors (app-willing: aOR 2.3, 95% CI 1.70-3.26; app-supporting: aOR 3.1, 95% CI 2.04-4.82). Furthermore, the likelihood of supporting the mobile app increased with age over 60 years (aOR 1.9, 95% CI 1.13-3.22), trust in political representatives (aOR 2.7, 95% CI 1.72-4.23), feeling concerned about the pandemic situation (aOR 2.2, 95% CI 1.47-3.32), and knowledge about the transmission of COVID-19 (aOR 2.0, 95% CI 1.39-2.96). Conclusions The most socioeconomically precarious people, who are at a higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, are also the most reluctant to using a contact tracing mobile app. Therefore, optimal adherence can only be effective with a targeted discourse on public health benefits to adopt such an app, which should be combined with a reduction in inequalities by acting on structural determinants.

Turcotte-Tremblay Anne-Marie, Gali Gali Idriss Ali et Ridde Valéry (2021) « The unintended consequences of COVID-19 mitigation measures matter: practical guidance for investigating them », BMC Medical Research Methodology, 21 (1) (décembre), p. 28. DOI : 10.1186/s12874-020-01200-x. https://bmcmedresmethodol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12874-020-01200-x.

Résumé : Background COVID-19 has led to the adoption of unprecedented mitigation measures which could trigger many unintended consequences. These unintended consequences can be far-reaching and just as important as the intended ones. The World Health Organization identified the assessment of unintended consequences of COVID-19 mitigation measures as a top priority. Thus far, however, their systematic assessment has been neglected due to the inattention of researchers as well as the lack of training and practical tools. Main text Over six years our team has gained extensive experience conducting research on the unintended consequences of complex health interventions. Through a reflexive process, we developed insights that can be useful for researchers in this area. Our analysis is based on key literature and lessons learned reflexively in conducting multi-site and multi-method studies on unintended consequences. Here we present practical guidance for researchers wishing to assess the unintended consequences of COVID-19 mitigation measures. To ensure resource allocation, protocols should include research questions regarding unintended consequences at the outset. Social science theories and frameworks are available to help assess unintended consequences. To determine which changes are unintended, researchers must first understand the intervention theory. To facilitate data collection, researchers can begin by forecasting potential unintended consequences through literature reviews and discussions with stakeholders. Including desirable and neutral unintended consequences in the scope of study can help minimize the negative bias reported in the literature. Exploratory methods can be powerful tools to capture data on the unintended consequences that were unforeseen by researchers. We recommend researchers cast a wide net by inquiring about different aspects of the mitigation measures. Some unintended consequences may only be observable in subsequent years, so longitudinal approaches may be useful. An equity lens is necessary to assess how mitigation measures may unintentionally increase disparities. Finally, stakeholders can help validate the classification of consequences as intended or unintended. Conclusion Studying the unintended consequences of COVID-19 mitigation measures is not only possible but also necessary to assess their overall value. The practical guidance presented will help program planners and evaluators gain a more comprehensive understanding of unintended consequences to refine mitigation measures.

Udechukwu T, Carnapete L, Matin M, Haider S, Clech L et Ridde V (2021) « The Impact of Health Sector Reforms on Health System in Bangladesh: A Scoping Review », European Journal of Public Health, 31 (Supplement_3) (octobre 20), p. ckab165.218. DOI : 10.1093/eurpub/ckab165.218. https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/article/doi/10.1093/eurpub/ckab165.218/6405748.

Résumé : Abstract Background Climate-induced environmental changes, and their potential impact on population health, are among the most pressing challenges affecting health systems. These health impacts put additional strain on health systems, putting their resilience and capacity to deal with increased shocks and stresses to the test. Implementing reforms to address the vulnerabilities in the health system can help build its capacity to cope with these shocks. We conducted a scoping review to explore the literature on health sector reforms in Bangladesh and understand their impact on health systems. Methods A scoping review was conducted by searching through academic (MEDLINE, SCOPUS, Web of Science and Google Scholar) and grey literature published in English and French between 1991 and 2021 that addressed national health sector reforms impacting the health system and access to care. Results Our search yielded 2688 articles for screening and 22 were included in our scoping review. One of the major health sector reforms was the shift from a project-based approach to a sector-wide approach (SWAp) in health. Studies found that implementing initiatives such as community clinics, a voucher scheme for pregnant women, increase in hospital beds at public facilities improved health care access and delivery of care, especially for rural districts. Despite government efforts, the health system continues to be vulnerable to shocks due to a significant shortage of formally qualified health professionals especially nurses and technologists and relatively low public financing. Conclusions Evidence suggests that health sector reforms implemented as part of SWAp have had a limited improvement on the health system. More emphasis should be placed in the future on implementing reforms to address critical issues such as human resources for health and health financing, which may contribute to building their capacity to cope with emerging threats due to climate change and improving access to care. Key messages Building a resilient health system may involve assessing the system's vulnerabilities, strengths and limitations through the perspective of health sector reforms. Current health sector reforms have had limited impact in addressing the vulnerabilities of the health system.

Vampo Charlotte (2021) « Des Nana Benz aux cheffes d’entreprise contemporaines à Lomé, au Togo », Revue internationale des etudes du developpement, 245 (1) (avril 1), p. 145-169. DOI : 10.3917/ried.245.0145. https://www.cairn.info/revue-internationale-des-etudes-du-developpement-2021-1-page-145.htm.

Résumé : Cet article questionne la façon dont des cheffes d’entreprise de l’économie formelle à Lomé se représentent l’entrepreneuriat dit « moderne ». Influencées par la circulation d’un ethos de la performance et de l’efficacité dominant dans l’idéologie néolibérale du développement, elles cherchent à se distinguer de la figure mythique de l’entrepreneuriat au Togo qu’est la « Nana Benz » pour affirmer leur caractère « moderne ». L’article mobilise une enquête ethnologique reposant sur des entretiens, des échanges informels et des observations participantes menées auprès de trente-cinq entrepreneures. Il contribue à analyser l’appropriation locale du modèle de la business woman en vogue dans le développement et nuance l’idée d’une transformation radicale des pratiques entre les générations de femmes.

Yahiaoui Amira et Manac'h Léopoldine (2021) « L’enfermement des étrangers en France : une clinique du non-lieu ? », Recherches en psychanalyse, 31 (1) (septembre 28), p. 24-43. DOI : 10.3917/rep2.031.0024. https://www.cairn.info/revue-research-in-psychoanalysis-2021-1-page-24.htm.

Résumé : Cet article propose de penser l’enfermement des personnes étrangères en territoire français à partir de l’analyse de dispositifs dédiés à cet effet. Dans une perspective interdisciplinaire, aux frontières de la psychanalyse et de l’anthropologie, nous souhaitons penser les retentissements de ces confinements sur le psychisme et sur le corps des personnes exilées concernées par ces mesures. À partir d’une approche ethnographique, nous nous concentrerons sur l’analyse de deux dispositifs : les centres de rétention administrative (CRA) et les plateformes d’accueil et d’hébergement des demandeurs d’asile (Prahda). Nous partons du constat qu’un des effets de la globalisation réside dans la nécessité pour les États-Nations de venir re-délimiter leurs territoires respectifs. Ainsi, nous faisons l’hypothèse que la création de centres de rétention administrative et de Prahda, institutions contemporaines récentes, serait un des symptômes du contemporain en proie à une crise de ses limites.

Zehnati Ahcène, Bousmah Marwân-al-Qays et Abu-Zaineh Mohammad (2021) « Public-private differentials in health care delivery: the case of cesarean deliveries in Algeria », International Journal of Health Economics and Management (mars 30). DOI : 10.1007/s10754-021-09300-x.

Résumé : Akin to other developing countries, Algeria has witnessed an increasing role of the private health sector in the past two decades. Our study sheds light on the public-private overlap and the phenomenon of physician dual practice in the provision of health care services using the particular case of cesarean deliveries in Algeria. Existing studies have reported that, compared to the public sector, delivering in a private health facility increases the risk of enduring a cesarean section. While confirming this result for the case of Algeria, our study also reveals the existence of public-private differentials in the effect of medical variables on the probability of cesarean delivery. After controlling for selection in both sectors, we show that cesarean deliveries in the private sector tend to be less medically justified compared with those taking place in the public sector, thus, potentially leading to maternal and neonatal health problems. As elsewhere, the contribution of the private health sector to the unmet need for health care in Algeria hinges on an appropriate legal framework that better coordinates the activities of the two sectors and reinforces their complementarity.

Mots-clés : Algeria, Cesarean delivery, Physician dual practice, Public–private differentials.

PubMed entry

Zitti Tony, Fillol Amandine, Lohmann Julia, Coulibaly Abdourahmane et Ridde Valéry (2021) « Does the gap between health workers’ expectations and the realities of implementing a performance-based financing project in Mali create frustration? », Global Health Research and Policy, 6 (1) (février 2), p. 5. DOI : 10.1186/s41256-021-00189-0. https://ghrp.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41256-021-00189-0.

Résumé : Background Performance-Based Financing (PBF), an innovative health financing initiative, was recently implemented in Mali. PBF aims to improve quality of care by motivating health workers. The purpose of this research was to identify and understand how health workers’ expectations related to their experiences of the first cycle of payment of PBF subsidies, and how this experience affected their motivation and sentiments towards the intervention. We pose the research question, “how does the process of PBF subsidies impact the motivation of health workers in Mali?” Methods We adopted a qualitative approach using multiple case studies. We chose three district hospitals (DH 1, 2 and 3) in three health districts (district 1, 2 and 3) among the ten in the Koulikoro region. Our cases correspond to the three DHs. We followed the principle of data source triangulation; we used 53 semi-directive interviews conducted with health workers (to follow the principle of saturuation), field notes, and documents relating to the distribution grids of subsidies for each DH. We analyzed data in a mixed deductive and inductive manner. Results The results show that the PBF subsidies led to health workers feeling more motivated to perform their tasks overall. Beyond financial motivation, this was primarily due to PBF allowing them to work more efficiently. However, respondents perceived a discrepancy between the efforts made and the subsidies received. The fact that their expectations were not met led to a sense of frustration and disappointment. Similarly, the way in which the subsidies were distributed and the lack of transparency in the distribution process led to feelings of unfairness among the vast majority of respondents. The results show that frustrations can build up in the early days of the intervention. Conclusion The PBF implementation in Mali left health workers frustrated. The short overall implementation period did not allow actors to adjust their initial expectations and motivational responses, neither positive nor negative. This underlines how short-term interventions might not just lack impact, but instil negative sentiments likely to carry on into the future.

Zombré David, De Allegri Manuela, Ridde Valéry et Zinszer Kate (2021) « User fees removal and community-based management of undernutrition in Burkina Faso: what effects on children’s nutritional status? », Public Health Nutrition (février 17), p. 1-26. DOI : 10.1017/S1368980021000732. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1368980021000732/type/journal_article.

Résumé : Objective: To examine the effect of an intervention combining user fees removal with community-based management of undernutrition on the nutrition status in children under-five in Burkina Faso. Design: The study was a non-equivalent control group post-test-only design based on household survey data collected four years after the intervention onset in the intervention and comparison districts. Additionally, we used propensity score weighting to achieve balance on covariates between the two districts, followed by logistic multilevel modeling. Setting: Two health districts in the Sahel region. Participants: 1,116 children under five residing in 41 intervention communities and 1,305 from 51 control communities. Results: When comparing children living in the intervention district to children living in a non-intervention district, we determined no differences in terms of stunting [OR=1.13; 95% CI 0.83 −1.54] and wasting [OR=1.21; 95% CI 0.90 − 1.64], nor in severely wasted [OR=1.27; 95% CI 0.79 − 2.04] and severely stunted [OR=0.99; 95% CI 0.76 −1.26]. However, we determined that 3% of the variance of wasting [95% CI 1.25 − 10.42] and 9.4% of the variance of stunting [95% CI 6.45 − 13.38] were due to systematic differences between communities of residence. The presence of the intervention in the communities explained 2% of the community-level variance of stunting and 3% of the community-level variance of wasting. Conclusions: With the scaling-up of the national free health policy in Africa, we stress the need for rigorous evaluations and the means to measure expected changes in order to better inform health interventions.

Zoumenou Iris, Carillon Séverine, Desgrées du Loû Annabel et Gosselin Anne (2021) « La recherche communautaire comme cercle vertueux d’empowerment : l’exemple du projet Makasi », De facto, 29 (décembre), p. 10-17.

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