Références bibliographiques

D’Ostie-Racine Léna, Dagenais Christian et Ridde Valéry (2019) « Examining Conditions that Influence Evaluation use within a Humanitarian Non-Governmental Organization in Burkina Faso (West Africa) », Systemic Practice and Action Research (novembre 21). DOI : 10.1007/s11213-019-09504-w. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11213-019-09504-w.

Résumé : Program evaluation can support capacity building and inform practice and policy. Yet long-term efforts to ensure evaluation use (EU) in the humanitarian sector are seldom documented, leaving much uncertainty about EU conditions. This study examined conditions that influenced EU by stakeholders of a humanitarian non-governmental organization (NGO) in Burkina Faso striving to base its health care program on solid evidence. It used 36 qualitative semi-structured interviews and a single case study design to document stakeholders’ (n = 26) perception of EU conditions. Analyses focussed on characteristics of five broad conditions of research use previously documented. Results demonstrate that EU was facilitated by intended users with proactive attitudes, research experience, and willingness to participate in program evaluations. Also helpful was an organizational culture that valued learning, feedback, and accountability, wherein leaders collaborated toward common goals. Evaluation-based knowledge that met information needs and that was actionable, contextualized, and quickly accessible enhanced EU. Knowledge transfer strategies promoting EU were diverse, participatory, adapted to needs, and regularly followed up. Evaluators who were trusted, experienced, credible, and adaptable, promoted EU most effectively. Conversely, EU was compromised when intended users felt distrusting, uninformed, or unable to engage in program evaluations. Knowledge contradicting expectations or deemed inapplicable impeded EU. Adapting knowledge transfer strategies required time and interactions. Initially, evaluations were not sufficiently adapted and put into plain language, which hampered EU. EU conditions are numerous and intricately interrelated, but interpersonal relationships, trust, and effective communication are key conditions for evaluators and stakeholders wishing to promote EU. Keywords Program evaluation Evaluation use/utilization Research use/utilization Knowledge translation Utilisation condition West Africa

Fête Margaux, Aho Josephine, Benoit Magalie, Cloos Patrick et Ridde Valéry (2019) « Barriers and recruitment strategies for precarious status migrants in Montreal, Canada », BMC Medical Research Methodology, 19 (1) (décembre), p. 41. DOI : 10.1186/s12874-019-0683-2. https://bmcmedresmethodol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12874-019-0683-2.

Fillol Amandine, Djiguinde Amadou, Coulibaly Abdourahmane, Zitti Tony et Ridde Valéry (2019) « Les problèmes de mise en œuvre nuisent à l’augmentation de la motivation des agents de santé au Mali », ONG MISELI.

Résumé : Au Mali, un programme de financement basé sur les résultats (FBR) a été mis en oeuvre dans la région de Koulikoro en 2016-2017. Cette note présente les résultats d’une étude qui a permis d’observer que ce programme pourrait augmenter la motivation du personnel de santé. L’idée des primes est très appréciée par les agents mais les problèmes de mise en oeuvre sont un obstacle important. Nous avons proposé plusieurs recommandations à la fin de cette note afin de limiter les effets des problèmes de mise en œuvre.

Fillol Amandine, Lagrange Solène, Benoît Magalie, Ridde Valery et Cloos Patrick (2019) « Accès aux soins de santé des femmes enceintes et des enfants migrants au Québec et en France : tirer des leçons d’ailleurs », Revue d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, 67 (février), p. S57. DOI : 10.1016/j.respe.2018.12.040. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0398762018314408.

Fillol Amandine, Lohmann Julia, Turcotte-Tremblay Anne-Marie, Somé Paul-André et Ridde Valéry (2019) « The Importance of Leadership and Organizational Capacity in Shaping Health Workers’ Motivational Reactions to Performance-Based Financing: A Multiple Case Study in Burkina Faso », International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 8 (5), p. 277-279. DOI : 10.15171/ijhpm.2018.133. http://www.ijhpm.com/article_3593.html.

Résumé : Background Performance-based financing (PBF) is currently tested in many low- and middle-income countries as a health system strengthening strategy. One of the main mechanisms through which PBF is assumed to effect change is by motivating health workers to improve their service delivery performance. This article aims at a better understanding of such motivational effects of PBF. In particular, the study focused on organizational context factors and health workers’ perceptions thereof as moderators of the motivational effects of PBF, which to date has been little explored. Methods We conducted a multiple case study in 2 district hospitals and 16 primary health facilities across three districts. Health facilities were purposely sampled according to pre-PBF performance levels. Within sampled facilities, 82 clinical skilled healthcare workers were in-depth interviewed one year after the start of the PBF intervention. Data were analyzed using a blended deductive and inductive process, using self-determination theory (SDT) as an analytical framework. Results Results show that the extent to which PBF contributed to positive, sustainable forms of motivation depended on the “ground upon which PBF fell,” beyond health workers’ individual personalities and disposition. In particular, health workers described three aspects of the organizational context in which PBF was implemented: the extent to which existing hierarchies fostered as opposed to hindered participation and transparency; managers’ handling of the increased performance feedback inherent in PBF; and facility’s pre-PBF levels in regards to infrastructure, equipment, and human resources. Conclusion Our results underline the importance of leadership styles and pre-implementation performance levels in shaping health workers’ motivational reactions to PBF. Ancillary interventions aimed at fostering participatory as opposed to directional leadership or start-up support to low-performing health facilities will likely boost PBF effects in regards to the development of valuable motivational capacities.

Gautier L., Coulibaly A., Allegri M. De et Ridde Valéry (2019) « La diffusion du financement basé sur les résultats au Mali a été facilitée par l'intervention d'"entrepreneurs de la diffusion" locaux et étrangers », p. 4 p. multigr. https://hal.science/hal-04098539.

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

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Gautier Lara, Coulibaly Abdourahmane, De Allegri Manuela et Ridde Valéry (2019) « From Amsterdam to Bamako: a qualitative case study on diffusion entrepreneurs’ contribution to performance-based financing propagation in Mali », Health Policy and Planning (septembre 16), p. czz087. DOI : 10.1093/heapol/czz087. https://academic.oup.com/heapol/advance-article/doi/10.1093/heapol/czz087/5570539.

Résumé : For the past 15 years, several donors have promoted performance-based financing (PBF) in Africa for improving health services provision. European and African experts known as ‘diffusion entrepreneurs’ (DEs) assist with PBF pilot testing. In Mali, after participating in a first pilot PBF in 2012–13, the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene included PBF in its national strategic plan. It piloted this strategy again in 2016–17. We investigated the interactions between foreign experts and domestic actors towards PBF diffusion in Mali from 2009 to 2018. Drawing on the framework on DEs (Gautier et al., 2018), we examine the characteristics of DEs acting at the global, continental and (sub)national levels; and their contribution to policy framing, emulation, experimentation and learning, across locations of PBF implementation. Using an interpretive approach, this longitudinal qualitative case study analyses data from observations (N = 5), interviews (N = 33) and policy documentation (N = 19). DEs framed PBF as the logical continuation of decentralization, contracting policies and existing policies. Policy emulation started with foreign DEs inspiring domestic actors’ interest, and succeeded thanks to longstanding relationships and work together. Learning was initiated by European DEs through training sessions and study tours outside Mali, and by African DEs transferring their passion and tacit knowledge to PBF implementers. However, the short-time frame and numerous implementation gaps of the PBF pilot project led to incomplete policy learning. Despite the many pitfalls of the region-wide pilot project, policy actors in Mali decided to pursue this policy in Mali. Future research should further investigate the making of successful African DEs by foreign DEs advocating for a given policy.

Gautier Lara, De Allegri Manuela et Ridde Valéry (2019) « How is the discourse of performance-based financing shaped at the global level? A poststructural analysis », Globalization and Health, 15 (1) (décembre). DOI : 10.1186/s12992-018-0443-9. https://globalizationandhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12992-018-0443-9.

Résumé : Background Performance-based financing (PBF) in low- and middle-income settings has diffused at an unusually rapid pace. While many studies have looked at PBF implementation processes and effects, there is an empirical research gap investigating the ways PBF has diffused. Discursive processes are paramount elements of policy diffusion because they explain the origins of essential elements of the political debate on PBF. Using Bacchi’s poststructural approach that emphasises problem representations embedded in the discourse, the present study analyses the construction of the global discourse on PBF. Methods A rich corpus of qualitative data (57 in-depth interviews and 10 observation notes) was collected. The transcribed material was coded using QDAMiner©. Codes were assembled to populate analytical categories informed by the framework on diffusion entrepeneurs and Bacchi’s poststructural approach. Results Our results feature problem representations shaped and spread by PBF global diffusion entrepreneurs. We explain how these representations reflected diffusion entrepreneurs’ own belief systems and interests, and conflicted with those of non-diffusion entrepreneurs. This research also reveals the specific strategies global diffusion entrepreneurs engaged in to effectively diffuse PBF, through reflecting problem representations based on the discourse on PBF, and inducing certain forms of policy experimentation, emulation, and learning. Conclusions Bacchi’s poststructural approach is useful to analyse the construction of global health problem representations and the strategies set by global diffusion entrepreneurs to spread these representations. Future research is needed to investigate the belief systems, motivations, resources, and strategies of actors that shape the construction of global health discourses.

Gosselin Anne, Carillon Séverine, Coulibaly Karna, Ridde Valéry, Taéron Corinne, Kohou Veroska, Zouménou Iris, Mbiribindi Romain, Derche Nicolas, Desgrées du Loû Annabel et for the MAKASI Study Group (2019) « Participatory development and pilot testing of the Makasi intervention: a community-based outreach intervention to improve sub-Saharan and Caribbean immigrants’ empowerment in sexual health », BMC Public Health, 19 (1) (décembre), p. 1646. DOI : 10.1186/s12889-019-7943-2. https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-019-7943-2.

Résumé : Background: Sub-Saharan and Caribbean immigrants are particularly affected by HIV in Europe, and recent evidence shows that a large portion of them acquired HIV after arrival. There is a need for efficient interventions that can reduce immigrants’exposure to HIV. We describe the pilot phase of a community-based empowerment outreach intervention among sub-Saharan and Caribbean immigrants in the greater Paris area aimed at 1) constructing the intervention, 2) assessing its feasibility, and 3) assessing the feasibility of its evaluation based on a stepped-wedge approach. Methods: 1) To develop the intervention, a literature review was conducted on existing interventions and participatory approaches developed, including the constitution of peer groups. 2) To assess the intervention’s feasibility, a pilot was conducted between April 2018 and December 2018. A daily register was used to collect data on sociodemographic characteristics of all persons who visited the mobile team to assess eligibility and acceptability. 3) To assess the feasibility of performing a stepped-wedge trial to evaluate the intervention, we compared eligibility, enrolment and retention at 3 months in two arms (immediate vs deferred). Chi-squared tests were used to compare reach and retention between the two arms. Results: Intervention development. The Makasi intervention was designed as an outreach intervention that starts with the persons’capacities and helps them appropriate existing resources and information and obtain knowledge about sexual health, based upon motivational interviewing techniques .Intervention Feasibility.Between April 2018 and December 2018, a total of 485 persons were identified as eligible. Participation in the intervention was proposed to 79% of eligible persons. When proposed, the persons enrolled in the intervention with a response rate of 69%. Some were lost to follow-up, and 188 persons were finally included. Evaluation Feasibility. The proportions of eligible (45 and 42%) individuals and of enrolled individuals (65 and 74%) were similar and not significantly different in the immediate and deferred arms, respectively. Conclusions: A community-based outreach intervention aimed at improving sub-Saharan and Caribbean immigrants’empowerment in sexual health is feasible. The pilot phase was key to identifying challenges, designing a relevant intervention and validating the stepped-wedge protocol for evaluation

Gosselin Anne, Zoumenou Iris, Carillon Séverine, Taéron Corinne, Mbiribindi Romain, Derche Nicolas, Kohou Veroska, Coulibaly Karna, Ridde Valéry et Desgrées du Loû Annabel (2019) « L’alliance chercheurs-associatifs-système de santé. Makasi : une recherche interventionnelle pour renforcer les capacités des immigrés d’Afrique subsaharienne en matière de santé » (communication orale), présenté à Colloque Recherche Interventionnelle pour Lutter Contre les Inégalités, Paris.

Guichard Anne et Ridde Valéry (2019) « Equity at all cost—and any price—for research funding in Canada? », Canadian Journal of Public Health, 110 (1) (février), p. 114-117. DOI : 10.17269/s41997-018-0136-4. http://link.springer.com/10.17269/s41997-018-0136-4.

Guillard Etienne, Kadio Kadidiatou, Mc Sween-Cadieux Esther et Ridde Valéry (2019) « Cinquième symposium global sur la recherche sur les systèmes de santé, Liverpool (Royaume Uni), 8-12 octobre 2018 », Médecine et Santé Tropicales, 29 (1) (janvier), p. 9-14. DOI : 10.1684/mst.2019.0869.

Résumé : Le dernier symposium mondial sur la recherche sur les systèmes de santé s’est tenu à Liverpool en octobre 2018 sur le thème de la promotion de systèmes de santé pour toutes et tous à l’ère des objectifs de développement durable (ODD). Cet événement bisannuel est l’occasion de réunir l’ensemble des acteurs de ce domaine, chercheurs, décideurs, opérateurs de terrain et d’en partager les travaux les plus récents. De nombreux sujets ont été abordés dont certains sont évoqués dans l’article : la qualité des soins dans les systèmes de santé passant par une nécessaire amélioration des pratiques des professionnels de santé, les enjeux du passage à l’échelle des interventions en santé, la mobilisation des connaissances pour l’élaboration des politiques publiques ou la place du secteur privé. Alors que ce domaine s’est fortement développé au cours des vingt dernières années et est devenu central dans l’aide au développement et en santé mondiale, il reste encore relativement peu connu dans le monde francophone et la France en est grandement absente.

Mots-clés : ⚠️ Invalid DOI.

Kaboré Charles, Ridde Valéry, Chaillet Nils, Yaya Bocoum Fadima, Betrán Ana Pilar et Dumont Alexandre (2019) « DECIDE: a cluster-randomized controlled trial to reduce unnecessary caesarean deliveries in Burkina Faso », BMC Medicine, 17 (1) (décembre), p. 87. DOI : 10.1186/s12916-019-1320-y. https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-019-1320-y.

Résumé : Background In Burkina Faso, facility-based caesarean delivery rates have markedly increased since the national subsidy policy for deliveries and emergency obstetric care was implemented in 2006. Effective and safe strategies are needed to prevent unnecessary caesarean deliveries. Methods We conducted a cluster-randomized controlled trial of a multifaceted intervention at 22 referral hospitals in Burkina Faso. The evidence-based intervention was designed to promote the use of clinical algorithms for caesarean decision-making using in-site training, audits and feedback of caesarean indications and SMS reminders. The primary outcome was the change in the percentage of unnecessary caesarean deliveries. Unnecessary caesareans were defined on the basis of the literature review and expert consensus. Data were collected daily using a standardized questionnaire, in the same way at both the intervention and control hospitals. Caesareans were classified as necessary or unnecessary in the same way, in both arms of the trial using a standardized computer algorithm.ResultsA total of 2138 and 2036 women who delivered by caesarean section were analysed in the pre and post-intervention periods, respectively. A significant reduction in the percentage of unnecessary caesarean deliveries was evident from the pre- to post-intervention period in the intervention group compared with the control group (18.96 to 6.56% and 18.27 to 23.30% in the intervention and control groups, respectively; odds ratio [OR] for incremental change over time, adjusted for hospital and patient characteristics, 0.22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.14 to 0.34; P<0.001; adjusted risk difference, -17.02%; 95% CI, -19.20 to -13.20%).The intervention did not significantly affect the rate of maternal death (0.75 to 0.19% and 0.92 to 0.40% in the intervention and control groups, respectively; adjusted OR 0.32; 95% CI 0.04 to 2.23; P=0.253) or intrapartum-related neonatal death (4.95 to 6.32% and 5.80 to 4.29% in the intervention and control groups, respectively, adjusted OR 1.73; 95% CI 0.82 to 3.66; P=0.149). The overall perinatal mortality data were not available.Conclusion Promotion and training on clinical algorithms for decision-making, audit and feedback and SMS reminders reduced unnecessary caesarean deliveries, compared with usual care in a low-resource setting.

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Lechat Lucie, Bonnet Emmanuel, Queuille Ludovic, Traoré Zoumana, Somé Paul-André et Ridde Valéry (2019) « Relevance of a Toll-Free Call Service Using an Interactive Voice Server to Strengthen Health System Governance and Responsiveness in Burkina Faso », International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 8 (6) (mars 19), p. 353-364. DOI : 10.15171/ijhpm.2019.13. http://www.ijhpm.com/article_3605.html.

Résumé : Background: In Africa, health systems are poorly accessible, inequitable, and unresponsive. People rarely have either the confidence or the opportunity to express their opinions. In Burkina Faso, there is a political will to improve governance and responsiveness to create a more relevant and equitable health system. Given their development in Africa, information and communication technologies (ICTs) offer opportunities in this area. Methods: This article presents the results of an evaluation of a toll-free call service coupled with an interactive voice server (TF-IVS) tested in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, to assess its relevance for improving health systems governance. The approach consisted of a 2-phased action research project to test 2 technologies: recorded messages and touch keypad. Using a concurrent mixed approach, we assessed the technological, social, and instrumental relevance of the service. Results: The call service is available everywhere, 24 hours per day, seven days per week. The equipment and its physical location were not adequately protected against technological hazards. Of the 278 days of operation, 49 were non-functional. In 8 months, there were 13 877 calls, which demonstrated the popularity of ICTs and the ease of access to telephone networks and mobile technologies. The TF-IVS was free, anonymous, and multilingual, which fostered the expression of public opinion. However, cultural context (religion, ethnic culture) and fear of reprisals may have had a negative influence. In the end, questions remained regarding people’s capacity to use this innovative service. In the first trial, 49% of callers recorded their message and in the second, 48%. Touch key technology appeared more relevant for automated and real-time data collection and analysis, but there was no comprehensive strategy for translating the information collected into a response from healthcare actors or the government. Conclusion: This study showed the relevance and feasibility of implementing a TF-IVS to strengthen health system responsiveness in one of the world’s poorest countries. Public opinion expressed through data collected in real-time is helpful for improving system responsiveness to meet care needs and enhance equity. However, the strategy for developing this tool must take into account the implementation context and the activities needed to influence the mechanisms of social responsibility (eg, information provision, citizen action, and state response).

Lee Jung-Seok, Mogasale Vittal, Lim Jacqueline K., Ly Sowath, Lee Kang Sung, Sorn Sopheak, Andia Esther, Carabali Mabel, Namkung Suk, Lim Sl-Ki, Ridde Valéry, Njenga Sammy M., Yaro Seydou et Yoon In-Kyu (2019) « A multi-country study of the economic burden of dengue fever based on patient-specific field surveys in Burkina Faso, Kenya, and Cambodia », éd. par Olaf Horstick, PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 13 (2) (février 28), p. e0007164. DOI : 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007164. http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007164.

Lim Jacqueline K., Seydou Yaro, Carabali Mabel, Barro Ahmed, Dahourou Desire Lucien, Lee Kang Sung, Nikiema Teguewende, Namkung Suk, Lee Jung-Seok, Shin Mee Young, Bonnet Emmanuel, Kagone Therese, Kaba Losseni, Edwards Tansy, Somé Paul-André, Yang Jae Seung, Alexander Neal, Yoon In-Kyu et Ridde Valéry (2019) « Clinical and epidemiologic characteristics associated with dengue during and outside the 2016 outbreak identified in health facility-based surveillance in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso », éd. par Brett M. Forshey, PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 13 (12) (décembre 6), p. e0007882. DOI : 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007882. https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007882.

Résumé : Background In Africa, the magnitude of dengue virus (DENV) transmission is largely unknown. In Burkina Faso, several outbreaks have been reported and data are often based on findings from outbreak investigations. Methods To better understand dengue epidemiology and clinical characteristics in Burkina Faso, a fever surveillance study was conducted among patients aged 1–55 years, who presented with non-malarial febrile illness at five primary healthcare facilities in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso from December 2014 to February 2017, encompassing a 3-month dengue outbreak in September-November 2016. Acute and convalescent blood samples were collected within an interval of 10–21 days between visits. Acute samples were tested with dengue rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) and a selected subset with RT-PCR, and all acute/convalescent samples with IgM/IgG ELISA. Results Among 2929 non-malarial febrile patients, 740 (25%) were dengue–positive based on RT-PCR and/or IgM/IgG ELISA; 428 out of 777 patients (55%) and 312 out of 2152 (14%) were dengue-positive during outbreak and non-outbreak periods, respectively. There were 11% (316/2929) and 4% (129/2929) patients showing positive for NS1 and IgM, on the RDT, respectively. DENV 2 predominated during the outbreak, whereas DENV 3 predominated before the outbreak. Only 25% of dengue-positive cases were clinically diagnosed with suspected dengue. The odds of requiring observation for ≤3 days (versus routine outpatient care) were 11 times higher among dengue-positive cases than non-dengue cases. In adjusted analyses, dengue-positivity was associated with rash and retro-orbital pain (OR = 2.6 and 7.4, respectively) during the outbreak and with rash and nausea/vomiting (OR = 1.5 and 1.4, respectively) during the non-outbreak period. Conclusion Dengue virus is an important pathogen in Burkina Faso, accounting for a substantial proportion of non-malarial fevers both during and outside outbreak, but is only infrequently suspected by clinicians. Additional longitudinal data would help to further define characteristics of dengue for improved case detection and surveillance.

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Mc Sween-Cadieux Esther, Dagenais Christian, Somé Donmozoun Télesphore et Ridde Valéry (2019) « A health knowledge brokering intervention in a district of Burkina Faso: A qualitative retrospective implementation analysis », éd. par Irene Agyepong, PLOS ONE, 14 (7) (juillet 26), p. e0220105. DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0220105. http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220105.

Résumé : Background A knowledge brokering (KB) intervention was implemented in Burkina Faso. By creating partnerships with health system actors in one district, the broker was expected to assess their knowledge needs, survey the literature to provide the most recent research evidence, produce various knowledge translation tools, and support them in using research to improve their actions. The purpose of this study was to analyze the key factors that influenced the KB project and to make recommendations for future initiatives. Methods The qualitative design involved a single case study in which the KB intervention implementation was evaluated retrospectively. Data came from interviews with the intervention team (n = 4) and with various actors involved in the intervention (n = 16). Data from formative evaluations conducted during the KB implementation and observation data from a two-month field mission were also used. Two conceptual frameworks were combined to guide the analysis: the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (Damschroder et al., 2009) and the Ecological Framework (Durlak & DuPre, 2008). Results Various KB activities were conducted during the first two years of implementation at the local level. The project came to an early end following vain efforts to relocate the intervention at the central level in order to further influence the policy process. Certain shortcomings in the implementation team negatively influenced the implementation: inadequate leadership, no shared vision regarding the reorientation of the intervention, challenges related to the KB role, and lack of frank communications internally. Other impediments to the intervention's deployment included local actors' lack of decision-making authority, the unavailability of resources and of organizational incentives for involvement in the KB intervention, and contextual challenges in accessing the central level. However, the KB strategy presented several strengths: collaborative development, support provided to local partners by the broker, and training opportunities and support provided to the broker. Conclusions More attention must be paid to intervention planning, partners' engagement, human, financial and technical resources availability, continuous development of skills and of communications within the KB team, and periodic assessment of potential obstacles related to the complexity of the system within which the intervention has been implemented. Using implementation science frameworks when developing KB strategies in the West African context should be promoted.

McLaren Lindsay, Braitstein Paula, Buckeridge David, Contandriopoulos Damien, Creatore Maria I., Faulkner Guy, Hammond David, Hoffman Steven J., Kestens Yan, Leatherdale Scott, McGavock Jonathan, Norman Wendy V., Nykiforuk Candace, Ridde Valéry et Smylie Janet (2019) « Why public health matters today and tomorrow: the role of applied public health research », Canadian Journal of Public Health, 110 (3) (mars 18), p. 317-322. DOI : 10.17269/s41997-019-00196-2. http://link.springer.com/10.17269/s41997-019-00196-2.

Meda Ivlabèhiré Bertrand, Baguiya Adama, Ridde Valéry, Ouédraogo Henri Gautier, Dumont Alexandre et Kouanda Seni (2019) « Out-of-pocket payments in the context of a free maternal health care policy in Burkina Faso: a national cross-sectional survey », Health Economics Review, 9 (1) (décembre), p. 11. DOI : 10.1186/s13561-019-0228-8. https://healtheconomicsreview.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s13561-019-0228-8.

Résumé : Background In April 2016, Burkina Faso introduced a free health care policy for women. Instead of reimbursing health facilities, as many sub-Saharan countries do, the government paid them prospectively for covered services to avoid reimbursement delays, which are cited as a reason for the persistence of out-of-pocket (OOP) payments. This study aimed to (i) estimate the direct expenditures of deliveries and covered obstetric care, (ii) determine the OOP payments, and (iii) identify the patient and health facility characteristics associated with OOP payments. Methods A national cross-sectional study was conducted in September and October 2016 in 395 randomly selected health facilities. A structured questionnaire was administered to women (n = 593) who had delivered or received obstetric care on the day of the survey. The direct health expenditures included fees for consultations, prescriptions, paraclinical examinations, hospitalization and ambulance transport. A two-part model with robust variances was performed to identify the factors associated with OOP payments. Results A total of 587 women were included in the analysis. The median direct health expenses were US$5.38 [interquartile range (IQR):4.35–6.65], US$24.72 [IQR:16.57–46.09] and US$136.39 [IQR: 108.36–161.42] for normal delivery, dystocia and cesarean section, respectively. Nearly one-third (29.6%, n = 174) of the women reported having paid for their care. OOP payments ranged from US$0.08 to US$98.67, with a median of US$1.77 [IQR:0.83–7.08]). Overall, 17.5% (n = 103) of the women had purchased drugs at private pharmacies, and 11.4% (n = 67) had purchased cleaning products for a room or equipment. OOP payments were more frequent with age, for emergency obstetric care and among women who work. The women’s health region of origin was also significantly associated with OOP payments. For those who made OOP payments, the amounts paid decreased with age but were higher in urban areas, in hospitals, and among the most educated women. The amounts paid were lower among students and were associated with health region. Conclusion The policy is effective for financial protection. However, improvements in the management and supply system of health facilities’ pharmacies could further reduce OOP payments in the context of the free health care policy in Burkina Faso.

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Ouattara Lissy Parfait Eric, Sangaré Ibrahim, Namountougou Moussa, Hien Aristide, Ouari Ali, Soma Dieudonné Diloma, Kassié Daouda, Diabaté Abdoulaye, Gnankiné Olivier, Bonnet Emmanuel, Ridde Valéry, Akré Maurice Adja, Fournet Florence et Dabiré Kounbobr Roch (2019) « Surveys of Arboviruses Vectors in Four Cities Stretching Along a Railway Transect of Burkina Faso: Risk Transmission and Insecticide Susceptibility Status of Potential Vectors », Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 6 (mai 28), p. 140. DOI : 10.3389/fvets.2019.00140. https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2019.00140/full.

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Ouédraogo Samiratou, Degroote Stéphanie, Barro Svetlana A, Somé Paul-André, Bonnet Emmanuel et Ridde Valéry (2019) « Épidémies récurrentes de la dengue au Burkina Faso : préférences communautaires pour une intervention de prévention de la maladie. », Revue d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, p. S0398762019304778. DOI : 10.1016/j.respe.2019.08.002. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0398762019304778.

Résumé : Background Community-based interventions have proven effective in several Latin American countries in controlling dengue vector Aedes aegypti and reducing the burden of the disease. However, we did not find any study reporting the assessment or implementation of such interventions in Sub-Saharan Africa. This article presents local communities’ preferences for activities as part of the implementation of a community-based intervention for dengue prevention in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) where dengue epidemics are recurrent during the rainy season. Methods A mixed-method study combining qualitative and quantitative data collection was conducted. Information from 983 households and their preferences for community-based activities for dengue prevention were collected in five neighborhoods of the city using a quantitative questionnaire. Then, 15 qualitative focus groups were organized in one of the neighborhoods that was randomly selected to receive a community-based intervention for dengue prevention. These groups were made up of 216 people representing the different socio-cultural categories: community leaders, men, women, young girls and boys. Results More than 95% of household respondents to the quantitative questionnaire found community-based interventions acceptable and/or useful: to raise awareness of mosquito-borne disease transmission, to identify and remove the mosquito breeding sites and areas favorable to the development of the adult vectors. Most participants in the focus groups, preferred outreach activities such as video/debate sessions, school and home education sessions, focus groups. They also preferred the implementation of community working groups, responsible for identifying and eliminating mosquito breeding sites in the neighborhood. However, many participants had reservations about sending preventive text messages to residents. They found it feasible but not useful since most people cannot read. Conclusion This study shows that it is important to get the local communities involved in the formulation of health prevention activities in sub-Saharan Africa where some interventions are often implemented using strategies from other continents. Résumé Position du problème Les interventions communautaires ont montré leur efficacité dans plusieurs pays de l’Amérique Latine pour contrôler Aedes aegyti, le moustique responsable de la dengue, et réduire le fardeau de la maladie. Cependant, nous n’avons pas trouvé d’écrits rapportant l’étude de telles interventions en Afrique. Cet article présente les préférences d’une communauté locale de la ville de Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) pour la mise en œuvre d’une intervention communautaire de prévention de la dengue à l’origine d’épidémies récurrentes en saison pluvieuse. Méthode Une étude mixte combinant une collecte de données quantitatives et qualitatives a été réalisée. Les informations de 983 ménages et leurs préférences par rapport à des activités communautaires de lutte contre la dengue ont été collectées dans cinq quartiers de la ville à l’aide d’un questionnaire. Ensuite, 15 groupes de discussion ont été organisés dans un des quartiers qui avait été tiré au sort pour recevoir l’intervention communautaire. Ces groupes étaient formés de 216 personnes représentant les différentes catégories socioculturelles locales : leaders communautaires, hommes, femmes, jeunes filles et garçons. Résultats Plus de 95 % des ménages qui ont répondu au questionnaire quantitatif trouvaient acceptable et/ou utile la mise en œuvre d’interventions communautaires dont : la sensibilisation sur les maladies transmises par les moustiques, l’identification et l’élimination des gîtes et des endroits propices au développement des moustiques. La plupart des participants aux groupes de discussion préféraient les activités de sensibilisation organisées sous forme de séances d’animations avec vidéo/débat, de séances d’éducation à l’école et à domicile, de groupes de parole. Ils préféraient également l’établissement de groupes de travail communautaires pour identifier et éliminer les gîtes et les endroits propices au développement des moustiques dans le quartier. Cependant, de nombreux résidents ont émis des réserves sur l’envoi de messages textes de sensibilisation sur les téléphones des résidents, qu’ils jugeaient faisable mais pas utile parce que de nombreuses personnes ne savaient pas lire. Conclusion Cette étude montre qu’il est important d’associer les communautés locales à la formulation des activés de prévention en santé en Afrique Sub-saharienne où certaines interventions sont souvent mises en œuvre selon des modèles issus d’autres continents.

Paul Elisabeth, Deville Céline, Bodson Oriane, Sambiéni N’koué Emmanuel, Thiam Ibrahima, Bourgeois Marc, Ridde Valéry et Fecher Fabienne (2019) « How is equity approached in universal health coverage? An analysis of global and country policy documents in Benin and Senegal », International Journal for Equity in Health, 18 (1). DOI : 10.1186/s12939-019-1089-9. https://equityhealthj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12939-019-1089-9.

Résumé : Background Equity seems inherent to the pursuance of universal health coverage (UHC), but it is not a natural consequence of it. We explore how the multidimensional concept of equity has been approached in key global UHC policy documents, as well as in country-level UHC policies. Methods We analysed a purposeful sample of UHC reports and policy documents both at global level and in two Western African countries (Benin and Senegal). We manually searched each document for its use and discussion of equity and related terms. The content was summarised and thematically analysed, in order to comprehend how these concepts were understood in the documents. We distinguished between the level at which inequity takes place and the origin or types of inequities. Results Most of the documents analysed do not define equity in the first place, and speak about “health inequities” in the broad sense, without mentioning the dimension or type of inequity considered. Some dimensions of equity are ambiguous – especially coverage and financing. Many documents assimilate equity to an overall objective or guiding principle closely associated to UHC. The concept of equity is also often linked to other concepts and values (social justice, inclusion, solidarity, human rights – but also to efficiency and sustainability). Regarding the levels of equity most often considered, access (availability, coverage, provision) is the most often quoted dimension, followed by financial protection. Regarding the types of equity considered, those most referred to are socio-economic, geographic, and gender-based disparities. In Benin and Senegal, geographic inequities are mostly pinpointed by UHC policy documents, but concrete interventions mostly target the poor. Overall, the UHC policy of both countries are quite similar in terms of their approach to equity. Conclusions While equity is widely referred to in global and country-specific UHC policy documents, its multiple dimensions results in a rather rhetorical utilisation of the concept. Whereas equity covers various levels and types, many global UHC documents fail to define it properly and to comprehend the breadth of the concept. Consequently, perhaps, country-specific policy documents also use equity as a rhetoric principle, without sufficient consideration for concrete ways for implementation.

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Perez Dennis, Castro Marta, Van der Stuyft Patrick, Zabala Maria, Lefèvre Pierre, Toledo Maria, Ridde Valéry, Saré Diane, Matos Damayanti, Toledo Irene, Concepcion Damarys, Ceballos Enrique, Fabré Francisco, Hernandez Yisel, Sanchez Lizet, Alvarez Angel et Popa Julio Cesar (2019) « Aporte del Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí e instituciones colaboradoras al desarrollo de la ciencia e investigación de imple- mentación en enfermedades infecciosas », Anales de la Academia de Ciencias de Cuba; Vol. 9, No. 3 (2019):, 9 (3), p. 206-210.

Résumé : Resumen De acuerdo con el Programa Especial de Investigación y Capacitación en Enfermedades Tropicales de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (TDR/OMS), la investigación de implementación permite incrementar la utilización sistemática de los resultados de investigación en la práctica de los sistemas de salud, maximizar su efectividad e impactar en políticas sociales y de salud global. El TDR/OMS actualmente realiza esfuerzos internacionales de fortalecimiento de capacidades de investigación de implementación. El presente trabajo resume el aporte del IPK e instituciones colaboradoras en este campo, a partir de estudios realizados de 2005 a 2016, como parte de las acciones de enfrentamiento a la reemergencia del dengue en Cuba. Los objetivos fueron aportar evidencias empíricas sobre los determinantes del proceso de escalado de intervenciones de salud de probada efectividad, y resultados claves de implementación (fidelidad de la implementación, sostenibilidad y aceptabilidad), así como y proponer herramientas metodológicas para su evaluación. Se llevaron a cabo cinco estudios: una evaluación de los determinantes del proceso de implementación a gran escala, dos estudios de fidelidad de la implementación, un estudio de sostenibilidad y uno de aceptabilidad. Cuatro de ellos se realizaron en Cuba y uno en Burkina Faso (África). Se evaluaron estrategias basadas en la comunidad y dos métodos de control de Aedes aegypti (cortinas impregnadas y tratamiento residual con deltametrina). Fueron estudios de corte cualitativo, en su mayoría con períodos largos observación (2-10 años). En dos de los casos formaron parte de estudios experimentales de evaluación de efectividad. Se identificaron los determinantes relativos a la intervención, al programa de control Aedes aegypti y al contexto de implementación, que limitaron el impacto esperado de la implementación a gran escala de las estrategias de empoderamiento comunitario de 2005 a 2015. Se hicieron recomendaciones prácticas al programa. Se elaboró una herramienta de clasificación de los determinantes que permite identificar y manipular los factores modificables en el corto y mediano plazo para incrementar la efectividad de las intervenciones. Se elaboró la primera herramienta cubana de evaluación de la fidelidad de la implementación de intervenciones complejas, sobre la base de la herramienta más utilizada internacionalmente. Esta herramienta permite enmendar los fallos de implementación que impactan negativamente la efectividad. La herramienta cubana fue validada en el primer estudio que evalúa la fidelidad de la implementación de una intervención basada en la comunidad en la prevención del dengue en África. Los estudios de sostenibilidad y de aceptabilidad desde la perspectiva de los actores tributaron a la reformulación de políticas y programas de promoción y educación para la salud y de control de Aedes aegypti en Cuba sobre participación comunitaria e integración de métodos de control, respectivamente. El resultado de aporta a la comunidad científica internacional herramientas de evaluación de los determinantes de la implementación a gran escala de intervenciones complejas y de la fidelidad de la implementación a partir de estudios conducidos en Cuba, e incluye el primer reporte de evaluación de la fidelidad de la implementación de una intervención basada en la comunidad en la prevención del dengue en África, entre otros. Palabras clave Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí; resultados de investigación; enfermedades infecciosas

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

Pérez Dennis, Van der Stuyft Patrick, Ridde Valéry et Lefèvre Pierre (2019) « To the bone: Comment on “I wanted a skeleton … they brought a prince”: A qualitative investigation of factors mediating the implementation of a Performance Based Incentive program in Malawi », SSM - Population Health (mai), p. 100305. DOI : 10.1016/j.ssmph.2018.10.005. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2352827318301137.

Résumé : Recently, McMahon and colleagues set out to build on a widely-used fidelity framework, assessing the role of moderating factors during the implementation of performance-based financing programs in Malawi. Their attempt draws again the attention to the importance of approaching real word implementation issues from a theoretical perspective. It also highlights the importance of fidelity assessment within process evaluation of health programs. In this comment we argue that theoretical developments in the field of implementation science in global health would benefit from an accurate understanding of existing conceptual frameworks as well as from taking into account all contemporary contributions.

Philibert A., Ravit M., Diarra D., Touré L. et Ridde Valéry (2019) « Au Mali, la collecte de données des enquêtes sociales réalisées dans le cadre des immatriculations au Régime d'assistance médicale (RAMED) reste à parfaire », p. 4 p. multigr. https://hal.science/hal-04098544.

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

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Philibert A., Ravit Marion, Diarra D., Touré L. et Ridde Valéry (2019) « Evaluation des enquêtes sociales : profil et diagnostic des personnes sélectionnées », p. 4 p. multigr. https://hal.science/hal-04145661.

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

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Ridde Valéry (2019) « Challenges for climate change research: interdisciplinarity, evidence use & carbon footprint », BMJ Global Health. https://blogs.bmj.com/bmjgh/2019/11/28/challenges-for-climate-change-research-interdisciplinarity-evidence-use-carbon-footprint/.

Résumé : Recently, on the occasion of the ambitious Franco-German Make Our Planet Great Again program, I was able to set up an international research team to try to understand the relationship between climate change, population mobilities and health systems. Our project will take place in two of the countries most affected by population mobility induced […]

Ridde Valéry (2019) « Construire une expertise internationale sur les migrations environnementales » (communication orale), présenté à Colloque DPPDM : Les migrations environnementales, un enjeu de solidarité internationale, Paris, EHESS. https://crid.asso.fr/colloque-dppdm-les-migrations-environnementales-un-enjeu-de-solidarite-internationale-23-novembre/.

Résumé : Le CRID et son réseau thématique Des Ponts Pas Des Murs vous invitent à leur colloque « les migrations environnementales, un enjeu de solidarité internationale ? ». Ce colloque donnera la parole à des représentant·e·s de communautés directement touchées par ces questions, des universitaires, des organisations travaillant sur les migrations et des organisations écologistes.

Ridde Valéry (2019) « Les paradoxes français de la santé mondiale », AOC media - Analyse Opinion Critique. https://aoc.media/opinion/2019/10/14/les-paradoxes-francais-de-la-sante-mondiale/.

Résumé : La VIème conférence de reconstitution des ressources du Fonds mondial pour le VIH, le paludisme et la tuberculose vient de se tenir à Lyon les 9 et 10 octobre 2019. Malgré le fait que la santé mondiale n’ait jamais été une priorité pour le Président Macron, nous disent des experts français du VIH, l’organisation et la communication autour de cette conférence ont mobilisé des centaines de personnes en France durant des mois. Au-delà du fait que le Président ait annoncé une faible augmentation de 20% des financements de la France, l’organisation de la conférence a montré qu’il était possible de parler de science et d’interdisciplinarité, de la place des femmes et du renforcement des systèmes de santé ainsi que de donner de la place à la diversité et à la société civile. Mais il ne faut pas s’y méprendre, cet événement ponctuel est certainement l’arbre qui cache la forêt des paradoxes de la santé mondiale française.

Ridde Valéry, Benmarhnia Tarik, Bonnet Emmanuel, Bottger Carol, Cloos Patrick, Dagenais Christian, De Allegri Manuela, Nebot Ariadna, Queuille Ludovic et Sarker Malabika (2019) « Climate change, migration and health systems resilience: Need for interdisciplinary research », F1000Research, 8 (avril 1), p. 22. https://f1000research.com/articles/8-22/v2.

Résumé : Climate change is one of today's major challenges, and among the causes of population movement and international migration. Climate migrants impact health systems and how their ability to respond and adapt to their needs and patterns. To date, the resilience of health systems in the context of climate change has barely been explored. The purpose of this article is to show the importance of studying the relationship between climate change, migration, and the resilience of health systems from an interdisciplinary perspective. Resilience is an old concept, notably in the field of psychology, and is increasingly applied to the study of health systems. Yet, no research has analysed the resilience of health systems in the context of climate change. While universal health coverage is a major international goal, little research to date focused on the existing links between climate, migration, health systems and resilience. We propose an interdisciplinary approach relying on the concept of health system resilience to study adaptive and transformative strategies to articulate climate change, migration and health systems.

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

Texte intégral 1.4 Mio (source)

Ridde Valéry et Bonnet Emmanuel (2019) « Sahel : l’incohérence des zones sécuritaires », AOC media - Analyse Opinion Critique (novembre 5). https://aoc.media/opinion/2019/11/05/sahel-lincoherence-des-zones-securitaires/.

Résumé : Un militaire français a été tué dans un attentat au Mali, où 49 soldats maliens et un civil sont également morts ce weekend. Pourtant, malgré la dangerosité de la zone sahélienne, les scientifiques doivent pouvoir continuer à mener leurs travaux sans lesquels les choix politiques, comme l’action de développement économique, sont uniquement dépendants des militaires. Il est donc urgent de s’interroger sur les protocoles de sécurité qui empêchent de facto toute recherche française aujourd’hui dans la région. La plupart des Françaises et Français ont récemment découvert ce que les zones orange et rouges voulaient dire pour le Ministère de l’Europe et des Affaires étrangères (MEAE). En mai 2019, les médias ont longuement évoqué l’enlèvement de deux touristes français dans le Nord du Bénin et l’assassinat de leur guide béninois. À l’époque, il a régné une certaine confusion sur le fait que la zone où s’étaient rendus ces trois personnes était interdite, ou pas, selon les consignes du MEAE. Les journalistes ont notamment affirmé que « La zone de Pendjari avait récemment été classée parmi les zones « formellement déconseillées » par le Quai d’Orsay ». Jean-Yves Le Drian, le ministre des Affaires étrangères avait même entretenu la confusion en affirmant dans un premier temps que la zone était rouge. Si un ministre de la République, spécialiste de ces questions, est un peu perdu dans les couleurs, imaginez le reste de ses concitoyen·es.

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Ridde Valéry et Bonnet Emmanuel (2019) « Pour un grand débat sur l’augmentation de l’aide publique française en santé mondiale », AOC. https://aoc.media/opinion/2019/03/11/grand-debat-laugmentation-de-laide-publique-francaise-sante-mondiale/.

Ridde Valéry, Bonnet Emmanuel, Kadio Kadidiatou, Louart Sarah et De Allegri Manuela (2019) « Demographics in the service of Universal Health Coverage: examples in West Africa », Humanitarian Alternatives, 12 (novembre), p. 33-48.

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Ridde Valéry et Dagenais Christian (2019) Évaluation des interventions de santé mondiale. Méthodes avancées, Zenodo. https://zenodo.org/record/3241866.

Résumé : Une couverture universelle des soins de santé en 2030 pour tous les êtres humains, du Nord au Sud? Réaliser cet objectif de développement durable aussi ambitieux que nécessaire exigera une exceptionnelle volonté politique, mais aussi de solides données probantes sur les moyens d’y arriver, notamment sur les interventions de santé mondiale les plus efficaces. Savoir les évaluer est donc un enjeu majeur. On ne peut plus se contenter de mesurer leur efficacité : il nous faut comprendre pourquoi elles l’ont été (ou pas), comment et dans quelles conditions. Cet ouvrage collectif réunissant 27 auteurs et 12 autrices de différents pays et de disciplines variées a pour but de présenter de manière claire et accessible, en français, un florilège d’approches et de méthodes avancées en évaluation d’interventions : quantitatives, qualitatives, mixtes, permettant d’étudier l’évaluabilité, la pérennité, les processus, la fidélité, l’efficience, l’équité et l’efficacité d’interventions complexes. Chaque méthode est présentée dans un chapitre à travers un cas réel pour faciliter la transmission de ces savoirs précieux.

Mots-clés : Évaluation, Méthodologie, Santé mondiale.

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<h2>Other</h2> Éditions science et bien commun

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<h2>Other</h2> Éditions science et bien commun

Ridde Valery, Dagenais Christian et Daigneault Isabelle (2019) « It’s time to address sexual violence in academic global health », BMJ Global Health, 4 (2) (avril), p. e001616. DOI : 10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001616. http://gh.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001616.

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Ridde Valéry (2019) « Les inégalités : de la (dé)mesure aux théories de la justice sociale en passant par la résilience… des chercheurs », in Inégalités en perspectives., éd. par Etienne Gérard et Nolwen Henaff, PARIS, France : Editions des archives contemporaines, p. 1-9. ISBN : 10.17184/eac.1616 - ISBN : 91782813002310. http://eac.ac/articles/1616.

Robert Emilie, Ridde Valery, Rajan Dheepa, Sam Omar, Dravé Mamadou et Porignon Denis (2019) « Realist evaluation of the role of the Universal Health Coverage Partnership in strengthening policy dialogue for health planning and financing: a protocol », BMJ Open, 9 (1) (janvier), p. bmjopen-2018-022345. DOI : 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022345. http://bmjopen.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022345.

Résumé : Introduction In 2011, WHO, the European Union and Luxembourg entered into a collaborative agreement to support policy dialogue for health planning and financing; these were acknowledged as core areas in need of targeted support in countries’ quest towards universal health coverage (UHC). Entitled ‘Universal Health Coverage Partnership’, this intervention is intended to strengthen countries’ capacity to develop, negotiate, implement, monitor and evaluate robust and integrated national health policies oriented towards UHC. It is a complex intervention involving a multitude of actors working on a significant number of remarkably diverse activities in different countries. Methods and analysis The researchers will conduct a realist evaluation to answer the following question: How, in what contexts, and triggering what mechanisms, does the Partnership support policy dialogue for health planning and financing towards UHC? A qualitative multiple case study will be undertaken in Togo, Liberia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Cape Verde, Burkina Faso and Niger. Three steps will be implemented: (1) formulating context–mechanism–outcome explanatory propositions to guide data collection, based on expert knowledge and theoretical literature; (2) collecting empirical data through semistructured interviews with key informants and observations of key events, and analysing data; (3) specifying the intervention theory. Ethics and dissemination The primary target audiences are WHO and its partner countries; international and national stakeholders involved in or supporting policy dialogues in the health sector, especially in low-income countries; and researchers with interest in UHC, policy dialogue, evaluation research and/or realist evaluation. This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to copy, redistribute, remix, transform and build upon this work for any purpose, provided the original work is properly cited, a link to the licence is given, and indication of whether changes were made. See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Rossier C., Soura A. B., Duthé G., Baya B. et Ridde Valéry (2019) Inégalités de santé à Ouagadougou : résultats d'un observatoire de population urbaine au Burkina Faso, INED. https://hal.science/hal-04098446.

Résumé : La perception des enjeux sanitaires touchant l'Afrique subsaharienne se réduit souvent aux épidémies, à la malnutrition et aux maladie infectieuses. Or, les pathologies non transmissibles et chroniques sont aussi un enjeu majeur, en particulier chez les citadins. La capitale du Burkina Faso compte aujourd'hui 2 millions d'habitants avec un taux de croissance de plus de 7 % par an. Cette forte croissance s'est accompagnée d'une extension géographique, avec des quartiers entiers constitués de manière informelle, certains bénéficiant du lotissement et de la mise en place d'infrastructures collectives. En Afrique, peu d'études se sont intéressées à la santé des populations vivant en marge des villes, pauvres et souvent issues du milieu rural. Depuis 2008, l'Observatoire de population de Ouagadougou mène une enquête à passages répétés dans cinq quartiers périphériques. A partir de ces données devenues une source incontournable sur la santé urbaine en Afrique de l'Ouest, cet ouvrage dresse un bilan des différents fardeaux de maladies qui pèsent aujourd'hui sur leurs habitants de façon inégale selon les caractéristiques socioéconomiques et environnementales. Les résultats présentés s'avèrent précieux pour étudier la transition sanitaire en Afrique et aider à l'élaboration de politiques de développement et d'amélioration des conditions de vie.

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Ridde Valéry (2019) « Tentative de prospective pour l'Observatoire de population de Ouagadougou », in Inégalités de santé à Ouagadougou, éd. par Clémentine Rossier, Abdramane Soura, et Géraldine Duthè, INED, Paris, p. 255-264.

Sieleunou Isidore, Turcotte-Tremblay Anne-Marie, De Allegri Manuela, Taptué Fotso Jean-Claude, Azinyui Yumo Habakkuk, Magne Tamga Denise et Ridde Valéry (2019) « How does performance-based financing affect the availability of essential medicines in Cameroon? A qualitative study », Health Policy and Planning, 34 (Supplement_3) (décembre 1), p. iii4-iii19. DOI : 10.1093/heapol/czz084. https://academic.oup.com/heapol/article/34/Supplement_3/iii4/5670620.

Résumé : Performance-based financing (PBF) is being implemented across low- and middle-income countries to improve the availability and quality of health services, including medicines. Although a few studies have examined the effects of PBF on the availability of essential medicines (EMs) in low- and middle-income countries, there is limited knowledge of the mechanisms underlying these effects. Our research aimed to explore how PBF in Cameroon influenced the availability of EMs, and to understand the pathways leading to the experiential dimension related with the observed changes. The design was an exploratory qualitative study. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, using semi-structured questionnaires. Key informants were selected using purposive sampling. The respondents (n = 55) included health services managers, healthcare providers, health authorities, regional drugs store managers and community members. All interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed using qualitative data analysis software. Thematic analysis was performed. Our findings suggest that the PBF programme improved the perceived availability of EMs in three regions in Cameroon. The change in availability of EMs experienced by stakeholders resulted from several pathways, including the greater autonomy of facilities, the enforced regulation from the district medical team, the greater accountability of the pharmacy attendant and supply system liberalization. However, a sequence of challenges, including delays in PBF payments, limited autonomy, lack of leadership and contextual factors such as remoteness or difficulty in access, was perceived to hinder the capacity to yield optimal changes, resulting in heterogeneity in performance between health facilities. The participants raised concerns regarding the quality control of drugs, the inequalities between facilities and the fragmentation of the drug management system. The study highlights that some specific dimensions of PBF, such as pharmacy autonomy and the liberalization of drugs supply systems, need to be supported by equity interventions, reinforced regulation and measures to ensure the quality of drugs at all levels.

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Storeng Katerini T, Abimbola Seye, Balabanova Dina, McCoy David, Ridde Valery, Filippi Veronique, Roalkvam Sidsel, Akello Grace, Parker Melissa et Palmer Jennifer (2019) « Action to protect the independence and integrity of global health research », BMJ Global Health, 4 (3) (juin), p. e001746. DOI : 10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001746. http://gh.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001746.

Touré L. et Ridde Valéry (2019) « Malgré la volonté affichée du gouvernement malien de prendre en compte les plus pauvres, le montage institutionnel et technique du RAMED a été fait sans la capitalisation de l'expérience acquise », p. 4 p. multigr. https://hal.science/hal-04145668.

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Touré L. et Ridde Valéry (2019) « Au Mali, la mise en oeuvre du Régime d'Assistance Médicale (RAMED) est confrontée à des difficultés largement imputables à son montage institutionnel et technique initial », p. 4 p. multigr. https://hal.science/hal-04145663.

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Touré L., Ridde Valéry, Escot F., Diabate S., Karembe Y. et Tangara S. (2019) « Les opérations de ciblage massif et communautaire des indigents, pilotées par l'ANAM, sont sources d'exclusion », p. 4 p. multigr. https://hal.science/hal-04145659.

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Turenne Charlotte Pailliard, Gautier Lara, Degroote Stéphanie, Guillard Etienne, Chabrol Fanny et Ridde Valéry (2019) « Conceptual analysis of health systems resilience: A scoping review », Social Science & Medicine, 232 (juillet 1), p. 168-180. DOI : 10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.04.020. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953619302205.

Résumé : System resilience has long been an area of study, and the term has become increasingly used across different sectors. Studies on resilience in health systems are more recent, multiplying particularly since the 2014 Ebola epidemic in West Africa. The World Health Organization (WHO) is calling for national governments to increase the resilience of their health systems. Concepts help define research objects and guide the analysis. Yet, to be useful, concepts need to be clear and precise. We aimed to improve the conceptual understanding of health systems resilience by conducting a scoping review to describe the state of knowledge in this area. We searched for literature in 10 databases, and analyzed data using a list of themes. We evaluated the clarity and the precision of the concept of health systems resilience using Daigneault & Jacob's three dimensions of a concept: term, sense, and referent. Of the 1091 documents initially identified, 45 met the inclusion criteria. Term: multiple terms are used, switching from one to the other to speak about the same subject. Sense: there is no consensus yet on a unique definition. Referent: the magnitude and nature of events that resilient health systems face differ with context, covering a broad range of situations from sudden crisis to everyday challenges. The lack of clarity in this conceptualization hinders the expansion of knowledge, the creation of reliable analytical tools, and the effectiveness of communication. The current conceptualization of health systems resilience is too scattered to enable the enhancement of this concept with great potential, opening a large avenue for future research.

Mots-clés : Conceptual analysis, Health systems, Health systems resilience, Resilience, Scoping review.

Zitti Tony, Gautier Lara, Coulibaly Abdourahmane et Ridde Valéry (2019) « Stakeholder Perceptions and Context of the Implementation of Performance-Based Financing in District Hospitals in Mali », International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 8 (10) (juin 30), p. 583-592. DOI : 10.15171/ijhpm.2019.45. http://www.ijhpm.com/article_3637.html.

Résumé : Background: To improve the performance of the healthcare system, Mali's government implemented a pilot project of performance-based financing (PBF) in the field of reproductive health. It was established in the Koulikoro region. This research analyses the process of implementing PBF at district hospital (DH) level, something which has rarely been done in Africa. Methods: This qualitative research is based on a multiple, explanatory, and contrasting case study with nested levels of analysis. It covered three of the 10 DHs in the Koulikoro region. We conducted 36 interviews: 12 per DH with council of circle's members (2) and health personnel (10). We also conducted 24 non-participant observation sessions, 16 informal interviews, and performed a literature review. We performed data analysis using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). Results: Stakeholders perceived the PBF pilot project as a vertical intervention from outside that focused solely on reproductive health. Local actors were not involved in the design of the PBF model. Several difficulties regarding the quality of its design and implementation were highlighted: too short duration of the intervention (8 months), choice and insufficient number of indicators according to the priority of the donors, and impossibility of making changes to the model during its implementation. All health workers adhered to the principles of PBF intervention. Except for members of the district health management team (DHMT) involved in the implementation, respondents only had partial knowledge of the PBF intervention. The implementation of PBF appeared to be easier in District 3 Hospital compared to District 1 and District 2 because it benefited from a pre-pilot project and had good leadership. Conclusion: The PBF programme offered an opportunity to improve the quality of care provided to the population through the motivation of health personnel in Mali. However, several obstacles were observed during the implementation of the PBF pilot project in DHs. When designing and implementing PBF in DHs, it is necessary to consider factors that can influence the implementation of a complex intervention.

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Zizien Zawora Rita, Korachais Catherine, Compaoré Philippe, Ridde Valéry et De Brouwere Vincent (2019) « Contribution of the results-based financing strategy to improving maternal and child health indicators in Burkina Faso », The International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 34 (1) (janvier), p. 111-129. DOI : 10.1002/hpm.2589. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/hpm.2589.

Résumé : In response to the poor performance of its public health care provision, Burkina Faso decided, to implement results-based financing (RBF). This strategy relies on a strategic purchase of the quantity and quality of services provided by health workers, monitored by a set of indicators. However, there is a lack of evidence on its effects. The objective of this article is to appreciate the effect of RBF on a set of maternal and child health (MCH) indicators in Burkina Faso. The study design is quasi-experimental comparative with a control group before and after the implementation of the RBF. To estimate the effect of RBF, we used two methods of analysis: (1) the segmented regression to measure the effect of RBF in the health districts (HD) implementing RBF (RBF HD) and (2) the differencein-difference test to estimate the effect of RBF considering the differences in mean between RBF HD and HD that did not implement RBF (non-RBF HD). We found among five indicators studied that only the postnatal consultation coverage in RBF HD was significantly higher (7.68%; P = 0.04) than in the non-RBF HD. Overall, our findings do not clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of RBF in improving MCH indicators in Burkina Faso.

Zombré David, De Allegri Manuela, Platt Robert W., Ridde Valery et Zinszer Kate (2019) « An Evaluation of Healthcare Use and Child Morbidity 4 Years After User Fee Removal in Rural Burkina Faso », Maternal and Child Health Journal, 23 (6) (juin), p. 777-786. DOI : 10.1007/s10995-018-02694-0. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10995-018-02694-0.

Résumé : Objectives Increasing financial access to healthcare is proposed to being essential for improving child health outcomes, but the available evidence on the relationship between increased access and health remains scarce. Four years after its launch, we evaluated the contextual effect of user fee removal intervention on the probability of an illness occurring and the likelihood of using health services among children under 5. We also explored the potential effect on the inequality in healthcare access. Methods We used a comparative cross-sectional design based upon household survey data collected years after the intervention onset in one intervention and one comparison district. Propensity scores weighting was used to achieve balance on covariates between the two districts, which was followed by logistic multilevel modelling to estimate average marginal effects (AME). Results We estimated that there was not a significant difference in the reduced probability of an illness occurring in the intervention district compared to the non-intervention district [AME 4.4; 95% CI 1.0–9.8)]. However, the probability of using health services was 17.2% (95% CI 15.0–26.6) higher among children living in the intervention district relative to the comparison district, which rose to 20.7% (95% CI 9.9–31.5) for severe illness episodes. We detected no significant differences in the probability of health services use according to socio-economic status [χ2 (5) = 12.90, p = 0.61]. Conclusions for Practice In our study, we found that user fee removal led to a significant increase in the use of health services in the longer term, but it is not adequate by itself to reduce the risk of illness occurrence and socioeconomic inequities in the use of health services.

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