Références bibliographiques

Eboko Fred et Groupe Gouvernance et sida en Afrique, ss la dir. de (2019) « Background and evolution of an international solidarity instrument », Face à face. Regards sur la santé, 15 (octobre 20). http://journals.openedition.org/faceaface/1214.

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

Eboko Fred et Groupe Gouvernance et sida en Afrique, ss la dir. de (2019) « Les antécédents et évolution d’un instrument de solidarité internationale », Face à face. Regards sur la santé, 15 (octobre 20). http://journals.openedition.org/faceaface/1438.

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

Fête Margaux, Aho Josephine, Benoit Magalie, Cloos Patrick et Ridde Valéry (2019) « Barriers and recruitment strategies for precarious status migrants in Montreal, Canada », BMC Medical Research Methodology, 19 (1) (décembre), p. 41. DOI : 10.1186/s12874-019-0683-2. https://bmcmedresmethodol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12874-019-0683-2.

Fillol Amandine, Lagrange Solène, Benoît Magalie, Ridde Valery et Cloos Patrick (2019) « Accès aux soins de santé des femmes enceintes et des enfants migrants au Québec et en France : tirer des leçons d’ailleurs », Revue d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, 67 (février), p. S57. DOI : 10.1016/j.respe.2018.12.040. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0398762018314408.

Fillol Amandine, Lohmann Julia, Turcotte-Tremblay Anne-Marie, Somé Paul-André et Ridde Valéry (2019) « The Importance of Leadership and Organizational Capacity in Shaping Health Workers’ Motivational Reactions to Performance-Based Financing: A Multiple Case Study in Burkina Faso », International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 8 (5), p. 277-279. DOI : 10.15171/ijhpm.2018.133. http://www.ijhpm.com/article_3593.html.

Résumé : Background Performance-based financing (PBF) is currently tested in many low- and middle-income countries as a health system strengthening strategy. One of the main mechanisms through which PBF is assumed to effect change is by motivating health workers to improve their service delivery performance. This article aims at a better understanding of such motivational effects of PBF. In particular, the study focused on organizational context factors and health workers’ perceptions thereof as moderators of the motivational effects of PBF, which to date has been little explored. Methods We conducted a multiple case study in 2 district hospitals and 16 primary health facilities across three districts. Health facilities were purposely sampled according to pre-PBF performance levels. Within sampled facilities, 82 clinical skilled healthcare workers were in-depth interviewed one year after the start of the PBF intervention. Data were analyzed using a blended deductive and inductive process, using self-determination theory (SDT) as an analytical framework. Results Results show that the extent to which PBF contributed to positive, sustainable forms of motivation depended on the “ground upon which PBF fell,” beyond health workers’ individual personalities and disposition. In particular, health workers described three aspects of the organizational context in which PBF was implemented: the extent to which existing hierarchies fostered as opposed to hindered participation and transparency; managers’ handling of the increased performance feedback inherent in PBF; and facility’s pre-PBF levels in regards to infrastructure, equipment, and human resources. Conclusion Our results underline the importance of leadership styles and pre-implementation performance levels in shaping health workers’ motivational reactions to PBF. Ancillary interventions aimed at fostering participatory as opposed to directional leadership or start-up support to low-performing health facilities will likely boost PBF effects in regards to the development of valuable motivational capacities.

Fourn Léo (2019) « De la révolution au travail humanitaire. Reconversions de militants syriens exilés au Liban: », Revue internationale de politique comparée, Vol. 25 (1) (octobre 2), p. 63-81. DOI : 10.3917/ripc.251.0063. https://www.cairn.info/revue-internationale-de-politique-comparee-2018-1-page-63.htm?ref=doi.

Fourn Léo (2019) « Les ambiguïtés du travail humanitaire. L’exemple des réfugiés syriens au Liban », Confluences Méditerranée, 111 (4), p. 61-74. DOI : 10.3917/come.111.0061. https://www.cairn.info/revue-confluences-mediterranee-2019-4-page-61.htm.

Résumé : Depuis le début du conflit en Syrie en 2011, le Liban a accueilli plus d’un million de réfugiés syriens fuyant la violence de la répression et de la guerre. On a alors assisté au développement d’un vaste champ humanitaire d’aide aux réfugiés, impliquant des acteurs internationaux et locaux. Des réfugiés syriens ont participé à ce processus en fondant leurs propres organisations humanitaires, mettant en œuvre une forme d’auto-organisation de l’aide, par des réfugiés pour des réfugiés. A ainsi émergé une nouvelle demande d’engagement et de travail permettant à des réfugiés de s’engager dans une carrière humanitaire. Toutefois, malgré les rétributions financières et symboliques que le travail humanitaire procure aux réfugiés, il ne leur permet pas de sortir de leur condition précaire.

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Garay Osvaldo Ulises, Nishimwe Marie Libérée, Bousmah Marwân-Al-Qays, Janah Asmaa, Girard Pierre-Marie, Chêne Geneviève, Moinot Laetitia, Sagaon-Teyssier Luis, Meynard Jean-Luc, Spire Bruno et Boyer Sylvie (2019) « Cost-effectiveness analysis of lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy versus standard combination antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 infected patients with viral suppression in France (ANRS 140 DREAM) », PharmacoEconomics - Open, 3 (4) (décembre), p. 505-515. DOI : 10.1007/s41669-019-0130-7. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs41669-019-0130-7.

Résumé : BACKGROUND: Protease inhibitor monotherapy is a simplified treatment strategy for virally suppressed HIV-positive patients that has the potential for cost savings, as fewer drugs are used than with combination therapy. However, evidence for its economic value is limited. OBJECTIVES: We assessed the cost-effectiveness of lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy followed by treatment intensification in case of viral load rebound versus combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) with efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir in HIV-1 infected patients with viral suppression in the ANRS 140 DREAM trial. METHODS: DREAM was conducted in 36 French Hospitals between 2009 and 2013. For each treatment strategy, we estimated the unadjusted and multivariate-adjusted mean costs (in €, year 2010 values) and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) per patient, as well as incremental costs and QALYs per patient. We then assessed uncertainty using the cost-effectiveness acceptability curve, scenario analyses and cost-effectiveness price-threshold (CEPT) analysis. RESULTS: In the base-case analysis considering 2009-2013 antiretroviral drug (ARV) prices, adjusted incremental costs and QALYs were - €3296 (95% confidence interval [CI] - 5202 to - 1391) and 0.006 (95% CI - 0.021 to 0.033), respectively, over 2 years, suggesting that monotherapy was cost-effective with a probability of 100% at various cost-effectiveness thresholds. In scenario analyses considering 2018 ARV prices, monotherapy remained cost-effective but with a lower probability (94% vs. 100% in the base-case analysis). The current price of cART would have to decrease by 34% to be cost-effective with a probability of 95%. CONCLUSION: Monotherapy appears to be cost-effective compared with cART for virologically suppressed HIV-positive patients in France. CEPT analysis is a useful tool to identify the preferred strategy to adopt given that ARV prices change rapidly. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT00946595.

PubMed entry

Gautier L., Coulibaly A., Allegri M. De et Ridde Valéry (2019) « La diffusion du financement basé sur les résultats au Mali a été facilitée par l'intervention d'"entrepreneurs de la diffusion" locaux et étrangers », p. 4 p. multigr. https://hal.science/hal-04098539.

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

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Gautier Lara, Coulibaly Abdourahmane, De Allegri Manuela et Ridde Valéry (2019) « From Amsterdam to Bamako: a qualitative case study on diffusion entrepreneurs’ contribution to performance-based financing propagation in Mali », Health Policy and Planning (septembre 16), p. czz087. DOI : 10.1093/heapol/czz087. https://academic.oup.com/heapol/advance-article/doi/10.1093/heapol/czz087/5570539.

Résumé : For the past 15 years, several donors have promoted performance-based financing (PBF) in Africa for improving health services provision. European and African experts known as ‘diffusion entrepreneurs’ (DEs) assist with PBF pilot testing. In Mali, after participating in a first pilot PBF in 2012–13, the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene included PBF in its national strategic plan. It piloted this strategy again in 2016–17. We investigated the interactions between foreign experts and domestic actors towards PBF diffusion in Mali from 2009 to 2018. Drawing on the framework on DEs (Gautier et al., 2018), we examine the characteristics of DEs acting at the global, continental and (sub)national levels; and their contribution to policy framing, emulation, experimentation and learning, across locations of PBF implementation. Using an interpretive approach, this longitudinal qualitative case study analyses data from observations (N = 5), interviews (N = 33) and policy documentation (N = 19). DEs framed PBF as the logical continuation of decentralization, contracting policies and existing policies. Policy emulation started with foreign DEs inspiring domestic actors’ interest, and succeeded thanks to longstanding relationships and work together. Learning was initiated by European DEs through training sessions and study tours outside Mali, and by African DEs transferring their passion and tacit knowledge to PBF implementers. However, the short-time frame and numerous implementation gaps of the PBF pilot project led to incomplete policy learning. Despite the many pitfalls of the region-wide pilot project, policy actors in Mali decided to pursue this policy in Mali. Future research should further investigate the making of successful African DEs by foreign DEs advocating for a given policy.

Gautier Lara, De Allegri Manuela et Ridde Valéry (2019) « How is the discourse of performance-based financing shaped at the global level? A poststructural analysis », Globalization and Health, 15 (1) (décembre). DOI : 10.1186/s12992-018-0443-9. https://globalizationandhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12992-018-0443-9.

Résumé : Background Performance-based financing (PBF) in low- and middle-income settings has diffused at an unusually rapid pace. While many studies have looked at PBF implementation processes and effects, there is an empirical research gap investigating the ways PBF has diffused. Discursive processes are paramount elements of policy diffusion because they explain the origins of essential elements of the political debate on PBF. Using Bacchi’s poststructural approach that emphasises problem representations embedded in the discourse, the present study analyses the construction of the global discourse on PBF. Methods A rich corpus of qualitative data (57 in-depth interviews and 10 observation notes) was collected. The transcribed material was coded using QDAMiner©. Codes were assembled to populate analytical categories informed by the framework on diffusion entrepeneurs and Bacchi’s poststructural approach. Results Our results feature problem representations shaped and spread by PBF global diffusion entrepreneurs. We explain how these representations reflected diffusion entrepreneurs’ own belief systems and interests, and conflicted with those of non-diffusion entrepreneurs. This research also reveals the specific strategies global diffusion entrepreneurs engaged in to effectively diffuse PBF, through reflecting problem representations based on the discourse on PBF, and inducing certain forms of policy experimentation, emulation, and learning. Conclusions Bacchi’s poststructural approach is useful to analyse the construction of global health problem representations and the strategies set by global diffusion entrepreneurs to spread these representations. Future research is needed to investigate the belief systems, motivations, resources, and strategies of actors that shape the construction of global health discourses.

Gosselin Anne, Carillon Séverine, Coulibaly Karna, Ridde Valéry, Taéron Corinne, Kohou Veroska, Zouménou Iris, Mbiribindi Romain, Derche Nicolas, Desgrées du Loû Annabel et for the MAKASI Study Group (2019) « Participatory development and pilot testing of the Makasi intervention: a community-based outreach intervention to improve sub-Saharan and Caribbean immigrants’ empowerment in sexual health », BMC Public Health, 19 (1) (décembre), p. 1646. DOI : 10.1186/s12889-019-7943-2. https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-019-7943-2.

Résumé : Background: Sub-Saharan and Caribbean immigrants are particularly affected by HIV in Europe, and recent evidence shows that a large portion of them acquired HIV after arrival. There is a need for efficient interventions that can reduce immigrants’exposure to HIV. We describe the pilot phase of a community-based empowerment outreach intervention among sub-Saharan and Caribbean immigrants in the greater Paris area aimed at 1) constructing the intervention, 2) assessing its feasibility, and 3) assessing the feasibility of its evaluation based on a stepped-wedge approach. Methods: 1) To develop the intervention, a literature review was conducted on existing interventions and participatory approaches developed, including the constitution of peer groups. 2) To assess the intervention’s feasibility, a pilot was conducted between April 2018 and December 2018. A daily register was used to collect data on sociodemographic characteristics of all persons who visited the mobile team to assess eligibility and acceptability. 3) To assess the feasibility of performing a stepped-wedge trial to evaluate the intervention, we compared eligibility, enrolment and retention at 3 months in two arms (immediate vs deferred). Chi-squared tests were used to compare reach and retention between the two arms. Results: Intervention development. The Makasi intervention was designed as an outreach intervention that starts with the persons’capacities and helps them appropriate existing resources and information and obtain knowledge about sexual health, based upon motivational interviewing techniques .Intervention Feasibility.Between April 2018 and December 2018, a total of 485 persons were identified as eligible. Participation in the intervention was proposed to 79% of eligible persons. When proposed, the persons enrolled in the intervention with a response rate of 69%. Some were lost to follow-up, and 188 persons were finally included. Evaluation Feasibility. The proportions of eligible (45 and 42%) individuals and of enrolled individuals (65 and 74%) were similar and not significantly different in the immediate and deferred arms, respectively. Conclusions: A community-based outreach intervention aimed at improving sub-Saharan and Caribbean immigrants’empowerment in sexual health is feasible. The pilot phase was key to identifying challenges, designing a relevant intervention and validating the stepped-wedge protocol for evaluation

Gosselin Anne, Ravalihasy Andrainolo, Pannetier Julie, Lert France, Desgrées du Loû Annabel et Parcours studyy group (2019) « When and why? Timing of post-migration HIV acquisition among sub-Saharan migrants in France », Sexually Transmitted Infections, 26 juillet (juillet 26), p. sextrans-2019-054080. DOI : 10.1136/sextrans-2019-054080. https://sti.bmj.com/content/early/2019/07/26/sextrans-2019-054080.

Résumé : Objective Recent studies highlighted that many HIV-positive migrants in Europe acquired their infections post-migration. However, the timing of these infections is not always known. This study aims to estimate the timing of post-migration HIV acquisition among sub-Saharan migrants in France and to understand the correlates of post-migration infection. Methods Within the PARCOURS retrospective survey conducted in 2012–2013 in 74 healthcare facilities in the Paris region, life-event data were collected among a random sample of 926 patients living with HIV in HIV services and 763 patients undiagnosed with HIV in primary care centres born in sub-Saharan Africa (reference group). Based on previous analysis, we considered the first 6 years in France after migration as a settlement period. Among the persons who acquired HIV after migration, we estimated the proportion of persons infected during settlement (0–6 years after migration) and after settlement (>6 years after migration) by using an algorithm that combines life-event data and a modelisation of CD4+ T-cell count decline. We then assessed the determinants of HIV acquisition during settlement and after settlement using bivariate logistic regression models. Results Overall, 58% of sub-Saharan migrants who acquired HIV after migration were infected during the first 6 years in France. HIV acquisition during settlement was found to be linked to short/transactional partnerships and lack of a resident permit. 42% of migrants had contracted HIV after settlement. After settlement, HIV acquisition was associated with short/transactional but also with concurrent partnerships and not with social hardship. Conclusion Two profiles of HIV post-migration acquisition emerged. The majority of HIV post-migration acquisition occurs during the settlement period: comprehensive combination prevention programmes among recently arrived migrants are needed. However, long-term migrants are also at risk for HIV through multiple partnerships. Prevention programmes should address the different profiles of migrants at risk for post-migration HIV acquisition.

Mots-clés : france, life-event history survey, prevention, sub-saharan africa.

PubMed entry

Gosset Andréa, Protopopescu Camelia, Larmarange Joseph, Orne-Gliemann Joanna, McGrath Nuala, Pillay Deenan, Dabis François, Iwuji Collins et Boyer Sylvie (2019) « Retention in Care Trajectories of HIV-Positive Individuals Participating in a Universal Test-and-Treat Program in Rural South Africa (ANRS 12249 TasP Trial) », JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 80 (4) (avril 1), p. 375. DOI : 10.1097/qai.0000000000001938. https://journals.lww.com/jaids/Fulltext/2019/04010/Retention_in_Care_Trajectories_of_HIV_Positive.2.aspx.

Résumé : Objective: To study retention in care (RIC) trajectories and associated factors in patients eligible for antiretroviral therapy (ART) in a universal test-and-treat setting (TasP trial, South Africa, 2012–2016). Design: A cluster-randomized trial whereby individuals identified HIV positive after home-based testing were invited to initiate ART immediately (intervention) or following national guidelines (control). Methods: Exiting care was defined as ≥3 months late for a clinic appointment, transferring elsewhere, or death. Group-based trajectory modeling was performed to estimate RIC trajectories over 18 months and associated factors in 777 ART-eligible patients. Results: Four RIC trajectory groups were identified: (1) group 1 “remained” in care (reference, n = 554, 71.3%), (2) group 2 exited care then “returned” after [median (interquartile range)] 4 (3–9) months (n = 40, 5.2%), (3) group 3 “exited care rapidly” [after 4 (4–6) months, n = 98, 12.6%], and (4) group 4 “exited care later” [after 11 (9–13) months, n = 85, 10.9%]. Group 2 patients were less likely to have initiated ART within 1 month and more likely to be male, young (<29 years), without a regular partner, and to have a CD4 count >350 cells/mm3. Group 3 patients were more likely to be women without social support, newly diagnosed, young, and less likely to have initiated ART within 1 month. Group 4 patients were more likely to be newly diagnosed and aged 39 years or younger. Conclusions: High CD4 counts at care initiation were not associated with a higher risk of exiting care. Prompt ART initiation and special support for young and newly diagnosed patients with HIV are needed to maximize RIC.

Guichard Anne et Ridde Valéry (2019) « Equity at all cost—and any price—for research funding in Canada? », Canadian Journal of Public Health, 110 (1) (février), p. 114-117. DOI : 10.17269/s41997-018-0136-4. http://link.springer.com/10.17269/s41997-018-0136-4.

Guidi Pierre (2019) « Éduquer nos sœurs opprimées » : urbaines diplômées et paysannes dans la révolution éthiopienne (1974-1991) », Critique internationale, 4 (85), p. 165-184. DOI : 10.3917/crii.085.0165. https://www.cairn.info/revue-critique-internationale-2019-4-page-165.htm.

Guidi Pierre (2019) « “Traverser ces années terribles” : l'activité scolaire des détenu·e·s politiques pendant la révolution éthiopienne (1979-1986). Entretien avec Hiwot Teffera », Cahiers de la recherche sur l'éducation et les savoirs, 18, p. 173-185. https://journals.openedition.org/cres/4144.

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

Guillard Etienne, Kadio Kadidiatou, Mc Sween-Cadieux Esther et Ridde Valéry (2019) « Cinquième symposium global sur la recherche sur les systèmes de santé, Liverpool (Royaume Uni), 8-12 octobre 2018 », Médecine et Santé Tropicales, 29 (1) (janvier), p. 9-14. DOI : 10.1684/mst.2019.0869.

Résumé : Le dernier symposium mondial sur la recherche sur les systèmes de santé s’est tenu à Liverpool en octobre 2018 sur le thème de la promotion de systèmes de santé pour toutes et tous à l’ère des objectifs de développement durable (ODD). Cet événement bisannuel est l’occasion de réunir l’ensemble des acteurs de ce domaine, chercheurs, décideurs, opérateurs de terrain et d’en partager les travaux les plus récents. De nombreux sujets ont été abordés dont certains sont évoqués dans l’article : la qualité des soins dans les systèmes de santé passant par une nécessaire amélioration des pratiques des professionnels de santé, les enjeux du passage à l’échelle des interventions en santé, la mobilisation des connaissances pour l’élaboration des politiques publiques ou la place du secteur privé. Alors que ce domaine s’est fortement développé au cours des vingt dernières années et est devenu central dans l’aide au développement et en santé mondiale, il reste encore relativement peu connu dans le monde francophone et la France en est grandement absente.

Mots-clés : ⚠️ Invalid DOI.

Guilmoto Christophe Z. (2019) « Spatial analysis of India’s 2019 elections reveals the unique geography of the Hindu Right’s victory », The Conversation (juin 19).

Résumé : Beaucoup d'encre a déjà été répandue sur les élections générales de 2019 en Inde. L'ampleur du triomphe de l'Alliance nationale démocratique (NDA) et la défaite du Congrès national indien (INC) ont impressionné les commentateurs alors que la NDA, dirigée par le Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), a remporté 353 sièges sur un total de 542. sièges au Lok Sabha (le parlement indien). La NDA a obtenu des sièges dans presque tous les États indiens et le BJP a clairement cessé d'être le parti strictement nord de l'Inde qu'il était autrefois . Dans cet article, nous voulons montrer comment une analyse spatiale formelle des résultats des élections montre l'empreinte géographique unique du vote du BJP et comment sa progression récente suit des modèles spatiaux évidents.

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

Guilmoto Christophe Z. et Dumont Alexandre (2019) « Trends, Regional Variations, and Socioeconomic Disparities in Cesarean Births in India, 2010-2016 », JAMA Network Open, 2 (3) (mars 22), p. e190526. DOI : 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.0526. http://jamanetworkopen.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.0526.

Résumé : IMPORTANCE The World Health Organization recommends that rates of cesarean delivery range from 10% to 15%. India has the largest annual number of births in the world and needs updates of existing estimates. OBJECTIVE To provide a new set of estimates of the rates of cesarean delivery and to map regional and socioeconomic disparities within these rates in India. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Cross-sectional study primarily based on cross-sectional figures drawn from the fourth round of the National Family and Health Survey conducted from January 20, 2015, through December 4, 2016, by the Indian Institute for Population Sciences in Mumbai. The survey interviewed 699 686 girls and women aged 15 to 49 years and collected information on their last 3 pregnancies since January 2010 (259 627 births). The study population was statistically representative of India's 36 states and Union territories and its 640 districts. The survey also included information on the socioeconomic status of households. The research is based on data tabulations and mapping and on spatial and regression analyses of microdata. Socioeconomic inequalities in access to cesarean deliveries were assessed using the Gini coefficient. Data were analyzed from August to October 2018. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Rate of cesarean deliveries by regional and socioeconomic characteristics. RESULTS The cesarean birth rate computed for 699 686 Indian girls and women aged 15 to 49 years (mean [SD] age, 26.8 [5.0] years) was 17.2%(95% CI, 17.1%-17.3%) in 2010 to 2016, which corresponds to an estimated 4.38 million cesarean deliveries per year during the period (95% CI, 4.34-4.41 million) in India. Cesarean birth rates vary widely within the country, with a range of 5.8% (95% CI, 5.1%-6.5%) to 40.1%(95% CI, 38.4%-41.8%) across states and 4.4%(95% CI, 4.3%-4.6%) to 35.9%(35.4%-36.4%) across socioeconomic quintiles. The rate significantly increased from 9.2% (95% CI, 9.1%-9.3%) in 2004 to 2008. According to the recommended 10% to 15% benchmark of cesarean birth rates by the WHO, the estimated deficit of cesarean births in India is 0.5 million per year, whereas the estimated excess of cesarean births is 1.8 million. The overall Gini coefficient of inequality in access to cesarean deliveries is 46.4. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The rate of cesarean births is increasing in India and has already crossed the World Health Organization threshold of 15%. More research is needed to understand the factors behind the rapid rise of cesarean deliveries among affluent groups and in more developed regions.

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Joxe Ludovic (2019) « De la nécessité pratique et heuristique des frontières », Strathèse, Presses Universitaires de Starsbourg, 9. http://strathese.unistra.fr/strathese/index.php?id=1473.

Résumé : Cet article interroge la thématique de ce dossier, c’est-à-dire l’espoir de dépasser effectivement les frontières. Pour ce faire, notre approche se fonde sur l’étude de l’organisation Médecins sans frontières (MSF) dont la création, en 1971, a traduit l’espoir d’un dépassement des frontières non seulement physiques mais aussi symboliques. Nous nous appuyons en particulier sur l’une des tensions qui traversent l’organisation : celle entre pensée universaliste et action sur mesure. La découverte de cette tension a été fondée sur une observation participante en tant que salarié au sein de MSF sur 10 missions et une cinquantaine d’entretiens. Cet article montre que l’espoir originel de dépassement des frontières est nuancé par la mise en pratique des projets humanitaires qui, tous, impliquent à des degrés divers l’usage et la manipulation de frontières : soit le respect des frontières en présence, soit leur adaptation, soit la création de nouvelles frontières. Tel un marin sur un bateau de Neurath dont les solives seraient des frontières, MSF peut dépasser des frontières, mais pas s’en départir.

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

Kabbanji Lama, Awada Hala, Hasbani Mariam, El Hachem Elsa et Tabar Paul (2019) « Studying abroad: a necessary path towards a successful academic career in social sciences in Lebanon? », International Review of Sociology, p. 1-19. DOI : 10.1080/03906701.2019.1672351. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03906701.2019.1672351.

Résumé : Scholars have only recently started to take an interest in the return of highly qualiﬁed migrants to their country of origin, especially when it comes to Arab countries. This research, conducted between 2014 and 2016, provides evidence on the Lebanese case, a country where most social scientists have been trained abroad. This article uses a multi-level approach and compares careers paths of social scientists trained in Lebanon and abroad, working in Lebanese public and private universities. If a foreign diploma appears as a signiﬁcant factor of career diﬀerentiation, the analysis undertaken in this article nuances this ﬁnding. It reveals to what extent the characteristics of the academic ﬁeld in origin countries such as Lebanon shape the career paths of academics. Public and, to a lesser extent private universities have become ideological state apparels which are used by the ruling elites to ensure their reproduction, through the revaluation of social capital. However, this reproduction is not made without social actors and their involvement. Lebanese academics develop strategies to accumulate the relevant symbolic capital in order to be recruited or promoted. The activation of the relevant political and sectarian networks is, therefore, one of the key strategies which social scientists mobilise as a ﬁrst or last resort to acquire university positions.

Kaboré Charles, Ridde Valéry, Chaillet Nils, Yaya Bocoum Fadima, Betrán Ana Pilar et Dumont Alexandre (2019) « DECIDE: a cluster-randomized controlled trial to reduce unnecessary caesarean deliveries in Burkina Faso », BMC Medicine, 17 (1) (décembre), p. 87. DOI : 10.1186/s12916-019-1320-y. https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-019-1320-y.

Résumé : Background In Burkina Faso, facility-based caesarean delivery rates have markedly increased since the national subsidy policy for deliveries and emergency obstetric care was implemented in 2006. Effective and safe strategies are needed to prevent unnecessary caesarean deliveries. Methods We conducted a cluster-randomized controlled trial of a multifaceted intervention at 22 referral hospitals in Burkina Faso. The evidence-based intervention was designed to promote the use of clinical algorithms for caesarean decision-making using in-site training, audits and feedback of caesarean indications and SMS reminders. The primary outcome was the change in the percentage of unnecessary caesarean deliveries. Unnecessary caesareans were defined on the basis of the literature review and expert consensus. Data were collected daily using a standardized questionnaire, in the same way at both the intervention and control hospitals. Caesareans were classified as necessary or unnecessary in the same way, in both arms of the trial using a standardized computer algorithm.ResultsA total of 2138 and 2036 women who delivered by caesarean section were analysed in the pre and post-intervention periods, respectively. A significant reduction in the percentage of unnecessary caesarean deliveries was evident from the pre- to post-intervention period in the intervention group compared with the control group (18.96 to 6.56% and 18.27 to 23.30% in the intervention and control groups, respectively; odds ratio [OR] for incremental change over time, adjusted for hospital and patient characteristics, 0.22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.14 to 0.34; P<0.001; adjusted risk difference, -17.02%; 95% CI, -19.20 to -13.20%).The intervention did not significantly affect the rate of maternal death (0.75 to 0.19% and 0.92 to 0.40% in the intervention and control groups, respectively; adjusted OR 0.32; 95% CI 0.04 to 2.23; P=0.253) or intrapartum-related neonatal death (4.95 to 6.32% and 5.80 to 4.29% in the intervention and control groups, respectively, adjusted OR 1.73; 95% CI 0.82 to 3.66; P=0.149). The overall perinatal mortality data were not available.Conclusion Promotion and training on clinical algorithms for decision-making, audit and feedback and SMS reminders reduced unnecessary caesarean deliveries, compared with usual care in a low-resource setting.

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Klein Armelle (2019) « Technologies de la santé et de l’autonomie et vécus du vieillissement », Gerontologie et societe, vol. 41 / n° 160 (3) (novembre 4), p. 33-45. DOI : 10.3917/gs1.160.0033. https://www.cairn.info/revue-gerontologie-et-societe-2019-3-page-33.htm.

Résumé : De nombreuses activités quotidiennes des personnes âgées nécessitent des déplacements. Or leurs difficultés de mobilité ont tendance à s’accroître avec l’âge. Cette étude qui s’inscrit dans le courant du « mobility turn » explore les aspects expérientiels des déplacements des personnes âgées et examine les obstacles dans l’environnement urbain et les éléments facilitateurs de leur mobilité. La recherche porte sur des personnes de 70 ans et plus qui résident dans un arrondissement montréalais. Ces personnes ont été équipées d’un traceur GPS (« global positionning system ») et d’un carnet de déplacements pendant une semaine. Des entretiens ont été réalisés subséquemment sur leur expérience de mobilité. Nos résultats montrent que les déplacements des personnes âgées sont restreints par un environnement urbain inadapté à leurs besoins, mais aussi qu’ils peuvent être facilités par certains éléments, dont l’aide des proches. Elderly people’s mobility in a borough of Montreal: Frictions and moorings Many of the daily activities of elderly people require travel. However, their mobility difficulties tend to increase with age. This study, which is part of the “mobility turn,” explores the experiential aspects of elderly people’s movements and examines the factors impeding and facilitating their mobility in the urban environment. The study focuses on adults aged seventy and above living in a borough in Montreal. These people were equipped with a GPS (Global Positioning System) and a travel diary for a week. Subsequent interviews were conducted on their mobility experience. Our results show that the mobility of elderly people is restricted by an urban environment unsuited to their needs, but also that their mobility can be facilitated by certain elements, including help from friends and family.

Klein Armelle et Sandron Frédéric (2019) « Réception et mise en pratique des messages de prévention chez les personnes âgées de plus de 60 ans à La Réunion », NPG-Neurologie-Psychologie-Gériatrie, 19 (109) (février), p. 39–43. DOI : 10.1016/j.npg.2018.07.006. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1627483018301193.

Lange Marie-France (2019) « Représentations sociales des inégalités et renégociation de l'ordre social : introduction de la deuxième partie », p. 83-89. https://hal.science/hal-04098463.

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Larmarange Joseph, Diallo Mamadou H, McGrath Nuala, Iwuji Collins, Plazy Mélanie, Thiébaut Rodolphe, Tanser Frank, Bärnighausen Till, Orne-Gliemann Joanna, Pillay Deenan, Dabis François et ANRS 12249 TasP Study Group (2019) « Temporal trends of population viral suppression in the context of Universal Test and Treat: the ANRS 12249 TasP trial in rural South Africa », Journal of the International AIDS Society, 22 (10) (octobre 22), p. e25402. DOI : 10.1002/jia2.25402. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jia2.25402.

Résumé : Abstract Introduction The universal test-and-treat (UTT) strategy aims to maximize population viral suppression (PVS), that is, the proportion of all people living with HIV (PLHIV) on antiretroviral treatment (ART) and virally suppressed, with the goal of reducing HIV transmission at the population level. This article explores the extent to which temporal changes in PVS explain the observed lack of association between universal treatment and cumulative HIV incidence seen in the ANRS 12249 TasP trial conducted in rural South Africa. Methods The TasP cluster-randomized trial (2012 to 2016) implemented six-monthly repeat home-based HIV counselling and testing (RHBCT) and referral of PLHIV to local HIV clinics in 2 ? 11 clusters opened sequentially. ART was initiated according to national guidelines in control clusters and regardless of CD4 count in intervention clusters. We measured residency status, HIV status, and HIV care status for each participant on a daily basis. PVS was computed per cluster among all resident PLHIV (≥16, including those not in care) at cluster opening and daily thereafter. We used a mixed linear model to explore time patterns in PVS, adjusting for sociodemographic changes at the cluster level. Results 8563 PLHIV were followed. During the course of the trial, PVS increased significantly in both arms (23.5% to 46.2% in intervention, +22.8, p < 0.001; 26.0% to 44.6% in control, +18.6, p?

Mots-clés : antiretroviral therapy, HIV, population health, retention in care, South Africa, sustained viral suppression.

Larzillière Pénélope (2019) « The Discourse of Security in Development Policies: A Genealogical Approach to ‘Security Sector Reform’ », Development Policy Review, 37 (3) (mai), p. 384-401. DOI : 10.1111/dpr.12342. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/dpr.12342.

Résumé : Security is one of the objectives that has become associated with development policies. This article offers a genealogical perspective on this shift, focusing on the introduction of "Security Sector Reform" (SSR) into development policy as an apparatus with a two-fold normative process. The first point of note is the securitization of development policy. This pertains both to the discourse elements of the apparatus-here, the effects of the use of security semantics-and to its political technologies, with an SSR apparatus which can function as a new label for military co-operation. This has led to new approaches in societies where this has taken place, with threat a key focus. There has also been a process of depoliticization in the wake of technical, standardized approaches. This has sidelined debate on the norms and political choices involved, albeit implicitly. Secondly, one can observe structural ambivalences in the field, chiefly on the issue of the state and the normative contradictions of a policy to strengthen "fragile states" that relies on external intervention in national politics. The case study of Lebanon complements this analysis, highlighting the structural tensions between the various aims of SSR, and how this affects local ownership: both the perception and reception of SSR are marked by power relationships which translate into hegemonic and counter-hegemonic labelling.

Larzillière Pénélope, Wieviorka Michel et Scott Joan W. (auteur) (2019) « Entretien avec Joan W. Scott », Socio, 12, p. 187-203. DOI : 10.4000/socio.4777. http://journals.openedition.org/socio/4777.

Résumé : Entretien mené par Michel Wieviorka et Pénélope Larzillière, à l’occasion de la parution de l’édition française du livre La religion de la laïcité (Flammarion, 2018), traduction de Sex & Secularism (Princeton University Press, 2017)

Le Guen Mireille, Marsicano Élise, Bajos Nathalie, Desgrées du Loû Annabel et for the Parcours study group (2019) « Union break-up after HIV diagnosis among sub-Saharan African migrants in France: disclosing HIV status is linked with staying in union », AIDS Care, 31 (6) (juin 3), p. 699-706. DOI : 10.1080/09540121.2018.1554240. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09540121.2018.1554240.

Résumé : Sub-Saharan African migrants living in France are particularly affected by HIV. Due to the fear of sexual transmission of the virus, those in a relationship could experience a union break-up after an HIV diagnosis. Based on data from the time-event ANRS-Parcours survey that was conducted among a representative sample of sub-Saharan migrants living with HIV (France, 2012-2013), we studied union break-ups after HIV diagnosis among people who were in a relationship at the time of their diagnosis. Women experienced a more rapid union break-up after HIV diagnosis than did men. The living conditions of men were not correlated to their risk of union break-up while among women, having a personal dwelling reduced the risk of union break-up. For both sexes, less established relationships were more likely to break up after HIV diagnosis. Having disclosed the HIV status to a partner was associated with a reduced risk of separation between partners, after adjustment on socio-economic conditions and migration characteristics.

Lechat Lucie, Bonnet Emmanuel, Queuille Ludovic, Traoré Zoumana, Somé Paul-André et Ridde Valéry (2019) « Relevance of a Toll-Free Call Service Using an Interactive Voice Server to Strengthen Health System Governance and Responsiveness in Burkina Faso », International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 8 (6) (mars 19), p. 353-364. DOI : 10.15171/ijhpm.2019.13. http://www.ijhpm.com/article_3605.html.

Résumé : Background: In Africa, health systems are poorly accessible, inequitable, and unresponsive. People rarely have either the confidence or the opportunity to express their opinions. In Burkina Faso, there is a political will to improve governance and responsiveness to create a more relevant and equitable health system. Given their development in Africa, information and communication technologies (ICTs) offer opportunities in this area. Methods: This article presents the results of an evaluation of a toll-free call service coupled with an interactive voice server (TF-IVS) tested in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, to assess its relevance for improving health systems governance. The approach consisted of a 2-phased action research project to test 2 technologies: recorded messages and touch keypad. Using a concurrent mixed approach, we assessed the technological, social, and instrumental relevance of the service. Results: The call service is available everywhere, 24 hours per day, seven days per week. The equipment and its physical location were not adequately protected against technological hazards. Of the 278 days of operation, 49 were non-functional. In 8 months, there were 13 877 calls, which demonstrated the popularity of ICTs and the ease of access to telephone networks and mobile technologies. The TF-IVS was free, anonymous, and multilingual, which fostered the expression of public opinion. However, cultural context (religion, ethnic culture) and fear of reprisals may have had a negative influence. In the end, questions remained regarding people’s capacity to use this innovative service. In the first trial, 49% of callers recorded their message and in the second, 48%. Touch key technology appeared more relevant for automated and real-time data collection and analysis, but there was no comprehensive strategy for translating the information collected into a response from healthcare actors or the government. Conclusion: This study showed the relevance and feasibility of implementing a TF-IVS to strengthen health system responsiveness in one of the world’s poorest countries. Public opinion expressed through data collected in real-time is helpful for improving system responsiveness to meet care needs and enhance equity. However, the strategy for developing this tool must take into account the implementation context and the activities needed to influence the mechanisms of social responsibility (eg, information provision, citizen action, and state response).

Lee Jung-Seok, Mogasale Vittal, Lim Jacqueline K., Ly Sowath, Lee Kang Sung, Sorn Sopheak, Andia Esther, Carabali Mabel, Namkung Suk, Lim Sl-Ki, Ridde Valéry, Njenga Sammy M., Yaro Seydou et Yoon In-Kyu (2019) « A multi-country study of the economic burden of dengue fever based on patient-specific field surveys in Burkina Faso, Kenya, and Cambodia », éd. par Olaf Horstick, PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 13 (2) (février 28), p. e0007164. DOI : 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007164. http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007164.

Lefort-Rieu Claire (2019) « « Chrétiens d'Orient » en France et en Syrie : enjeux politiques et redéfinitions identitaires ». https://shs.hal.science/halshs-03830484.

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

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Legrand Florian, Nicolai, Ciman C, Labourdette C, Vayatis N, Sandron Frederic, Eychene JM, Audiffren J, Klein Armelle, Oudre L et Vidal P. P. (2019) « Etude descriptive des participants aux ateliers de prévention du Bien-Vieillir "Atout Age" à La Réunion », La Revue de Gériatrie, 44 (9 - Supplément), p. 147-148.

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

Leservoisier Olivier (2019) « L’association Pulaar Speaking à la croisée des chemins. Dynamiques migratoires et débats autour du sens à donner à l’action communautaire au sein du collectif migrant haalpulaaren (Mauritanie, Sénégal) aux États-Unis », Revue européenne des migrations internationales, 35 (1-2) (octobre 1), p. 125-147. DOI : 10.4000/remi.12780. http://journals.openedition.org/remi/12780.

Résumé : Aperçu du texte Si les migrations des Haalpulaaren en Afrique et en Europe ont fait l’objet de recherches approfondies (Diop, 1965 ; Adam, 1977 ; Delaunay, 1984 ; Minvielle, 1985 ; Ba, 1995 ; Bredeloup, 2007, Dia, 2009), en revanche, celles concernant les États-Unis ont peu attiré l’attention des chercheurs (Kane, 2001 ; Kane, 2011 ; Kante, 2014). Ce constat peut s’expliquer par le caractère récent de ces migrations qui correspondent aux nouvelles destinations choisies au milieu des années 1980 par les migrants originaires de la vallée du fleuve Sénégal, suite notamment aux crises et au durcissement des conditions d’entrée dans les pays traditionnels d’accueil (Gabon, Côte d’Ivoire, France principalement). Mais il renvoie également à une tendance lourde des recherches qui abordent l’étude des migrations haalpulaaren aux États-Unis dans le cadre plus général des migrations sénégalaises, lesquelles restent très largement appréhendées à travers l’exemple des Wolofs et du cas de la confrérie mouride

Lim Jacqueline K., Seydou Yaro, Carabali Mabel, Barro Ahmed, Dahourou Desire Lucien, Lee Kang Sung, Nikiema Teguewende, Namkung Suk, Lee Jung-Seok, Shin Mee Young, Bonnet Emmanuel, Kagone Therese, Kaba Losseni, Edwards Tansy, Somé Paul-André, Yang Jae Seung, Alexander Neal, Yoon In-Kyu et Ridde Valéry (2019) « Clinical and epidemiologic characteristics associated with dengue during and outside the 2016 outbreak identified in health facility-based surveillance in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso », éd. par Brett M. Forshey, PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 13 (12) (décembre 6), p. e0007882. DOI : 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007882. https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007882.

Résumé : Background In Africa, the magnitude of dengue virus (DENV) transmission is largely unknown. In Burkina Faso, several outbreaks have been reported and data are often based on findings from outbreak investigations. Methods To better understand dengue epidemiology and clinical characteristics in Burkina Faso, a fever surveillance study was conducted among patients aged 1–55 years, who presented with non-malarial febrile illness at five primary healthcare facilities in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso from December 2014 to February 2017, encompassing a 3-month dengue outbreak in September-November 2016. Acute and convalescent blood samples were collected within an interval of 10–21 days between visits. Acute samples were tested with dengue rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) and a selected subset with RT-PCR, and all acute/convalescent samples with IgM/IgG ELISA. Results Among 2929 non-malarial febrile patients, 740 (25%) were dengue–positive based on RT-PCR and/or IgM/IgG ELISA; 428 out of 777 patients (55%) and 312 out of 2152 (14%) were dengue-positive during outbreak and non-outbreak periods, respectively. There were 11% (316/2929) and 4% (129/2929) patients showing positive for NS1 and IgM, on the RDT, respectively. DENV 2 predominated during the outbreak, whereas DENV 3 predominated before the outbreak. Only 25% of dengue-positive cases were clinically diagnosed with suspected dengue. The odds of requiring observation for ≤3 days (versus routine outpatient care) were 11 times higher among dengue-positive cases than non-dengue cases. In adjusted analyses, dengue-positivity was associated with rash and retro-orbital pain (OR = 2.6 and 7.4, respectively) during the outbreak and with rash and nausea/vomiting (OR = 1.5 and 1.4, respectively) during the non-outbreak period. Conclusion Dengue virus is an important pathogen in Burkina Faso, accounting for a substantial proportion of non-malarial fevers both during and outside outbreak, but is only infrequently suspected by clinicians. Additional longitudinal data would help to further define characteristics of dengue for improved case detection and surveillance.

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Manac'h Léopoldine (2019) « « Un sas de confinement pour les “dublinés” » », Plein Droit, 122 (3) (octobre), p. 26-29. (Étrangers sans toit ni lieu).

Résumé : Un paysage industriel composé d’entrepôts en tôle, une zone de transit pour camions de marchandises, et un hôtel Formule 1 transformé à la va-vite en « Prahda », tel est le décor de l’une de ces structures créées pour l’hébergement de demandeurs d’asile en attente d’être éventuellement transférés dans un autre pays européen, en application du règlement « Dublin ». Dans ce lieu de « rétention à l’air libre », dépourvu d’espaces de vie collective, 90 exilés tentent de rendre leur quotidien vivable.

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

Mc Sween-Cadieux Esther, Dagenais Christian, Somé Donmozoun Télesphore et Ridde Valéry (2019) « A health knowledge brokering intervention in a district of Burkina Faso: A qualitative retrospective implementation analysis », éd. par Irene Agyepong, PLOS ONE, 14 (7) (juillet 26), p. e0220105. DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0220105. http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220105.

Résumé : Background A knowledge brokering (KB) intervention was implemented in Burkina Faso. By creating partnerships with health system actors in one district, the broker was expected to assess their knowledge needs, survey the literature to provide the most recent research evidence, produce various knowledge translation tools, and support them in using research to improve their actions. The purpose of this study was to analyze the key factors that influenced the KB project and to make recommendations for future initiatives. Methods The qualitative design involved a single case study in which the KB intervention implementation was evaluated retrospectively. Data came from interviews with the intervention team (n = 4) and with various actors involved in the intervention (n = 16). Data from formative evaluations conducted during the KB implementation and observation data from a two-month field mission were also used. Two conceptual frameworks were combined to guide the analysis: the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (Damschroder et al., 2009) and the Ecological Framework (Durlak & DuPre, 2008). Results Various KB activities were conducted during the first two years of implementation at the local level. The project came to an early end following vain efforts to relocate the intervention at the central level in order to further influence the policy process. Certain shortcomings in the implementation team negatively influenced the implementation: inadequate leadership, no shared vision regarding the reorientation of the intervention, challenges related to the KB role, and lack of frank communications internally. Other impediments to the intervention's deployment included local actors' lack of decision-making authority, the unavailability of resources and of organizational incentives for involvement in the KB intervention, and contextual challenges in accessing the central level. However, the KB strategy presented several strengths: collaborative development, support provided to local partners by the broker, and training opportunities and support provided to the broker. Conclusions More attention must be paid to intervention planning, partners' engagement, human, financial and technical resources availability, continuous development of skills and of communications within the KB team, and periodic assessment of potential obstacles related to the complexity of the system within which the intervention has been implemented. Using implementation science frameworks when developing KB strategies in the West African context should be promoted.

McLaren Lindsay, Braitstein Paula, Buckeridge David, Contandriopoulos Damien, Creatore Maria I., Faulkner Guy, Hammond David, Hoffman Steven J., Kestens Yan, Leatherdale Scott, McGavock Jonathan, Norman Wendy V., Nykiforuk Candace, Ridde Valéry et Smylie Janet (2019) « Why public health matters today and tomorrow: the role of applied public health research », Canadian Journal of Public Health, 110 (3) (mars 18), p. 317-322. DOI : 10.17269/s41997-019-00196-2. http://link.springer.com/10.17269/s41997-019-00196-2.

Meda Ivlabèhiré Bertrand, Baguiya Adama, Ridde Valéry, Ouédraogo Henri Gautier, Dumont Alexandre et Kouanda Seni (2019) « Out-of-pocket payments in the context of a free maternal health care policy in Burkina Faso: a national cross-sectional survey », Health Economics Review, 9 (1) (décembre), p. 11. DOI : 10.1186/s13561-019-0228-8. https://healtheconomicsreview.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s13561-019-0228-8.

Résumé : Background In April 2016, Burkina Faso introduced a free health care policy for women. Instead of reimbursing health facilities, as many sub-Saharan countries do, the government paid them prospectively for covered services to avoid reimbursement delays, which are cited as a reason for the persistence of out-of-pocket (OOP) payments. This study aimed to (i) estimate the direct expenditures of deliveries and covered obstetric care, (ii) determine the OOP payments, and (iii) identify the patient and health facility characteristics associated with OOP payments. Methods A national cross-sectional study was conducted in September and October 2016 in 395 randomly selected health facilities. A structured questionnaire was administered to women (n = 593) who had delivered or received obstetric care on the day of the survey. The direct health expenditures included fees for consultations, prescriptions, paraclinical examinations, hospitalization and ambulance transport. A two-part model with robust variances was performed to identify the factors associated with OOP payments. Results A total of 587 women were included in the analysis. The median direct health expenses were US$5.38 [interquartile range (IQR):4.35–6.65], US$24.72 [IQR:16.57–46.09] and US$136.39 [IQR: 108.36–161.42] for normal delivery, dystocia and cesarean section, respectively. Nearly one-third (29.6%, n = 174) of the women reported having paid for their care. OOP payments ranged from US$0.08 to US$98.67, with a median of US$1.77 [IQR:0.83–7.08]). Overall, 17.5% (n = 103) of the women had purchased drugs at private pharmacies, and 11.4% (n = 67) had purchased cleaning products for a room or equipment. OOP payments were more frequent with age, for emergency obstetric care and among women who work. The women’s health region of origin was also significantly associated with OOP payments. For those who made OOP payments, the amounts paid decreased with age but were higher in urban areas, in hospitals, and among the most educated women. The amounts paid were lower among students and were associated with health region. Conclusion The policy is effective for financial protection. However, improvements in the management and supply system of health facilities’ pharmacies could further reduce OOP payments in the context of the free health care policy in Burkina Faso.

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Mensah Keitly (2019) « Interactive activity and discussion », European Journal of Public Health, 29 ((Supplement_4) (novembre), p. ckz185-718.

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

Mensah Keitly, Heraud Jean-Michel, Takahashi Saki, Winter Amy, Metcalf Jessica et Wesolowski Amy (2019) « Seasonal gaps in measles vaccination coverage in Madagascar », Vaccine, 37 (18) (avril 24), p. 2511-2519.

Résumé : INTRODUCTION: Measles elimination depends on the successful deployment of measles containing vaccine. Vaccination programs often depend on a combination of routine and non-routine services, including supplementary immunization activities (SIAs) and vaccination weeks (VWs), that both aim to vaccinate all eligible children regardless of vaccination history or natural infection. Madagascar has used a combination of these activities to improve measles coverage. However, ongoing massive measles outbreak suggests that the country was in a "honeymoon" period and that coverage achieved needs to be re-evaluated. Although healthcare access is expected to vary seasonally in low resources settings, little evidence exists to quantify temporal fluctuations in routine vaccination, and interactions with other immunization activities. METHODS: We used three data sources: national administrative data on measles vaccine delivery from 2013 to 2016, digitized vaccination cards from 49 health centers in 6 health districts, and a survey of health workers. Data were analyzed using linear regressions, analysis of variance, and t-tests. FINDINGS: From 2013 to 2016, the footprint of SIAs and VWs is apparent, with more doses distributed during the relevant timeframes. Routine vaccination decreases in subsequent months, suggesting that additional activities may be interfering with routine services. The majority of missed vaccination opportunities occur during the rainy season. Health facility organization and shortage of vaccine contributed to vaccination gaps. Children born in June were the least likely to be vaccinated on time. DISCUSSION: Evidence that routine vaccination coverage varies over the year and is diminished by other activities suggests that maintaining routine vaccination during SIAs and VWs is a key direction for strengthening immunization programs, ensuring population immunity and avoiding future outbreaks. FUNDING: Wellcome Trust Fund, Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Gates Foundation, National Institutes of Health.

Mots-clés : Healthcare access, Madagascar, Measles, Vaccination.

PubMed entry

Mensah Keitly, Pourette Dolores, Duchesne Véronique, Debeaudrap Pierre et Dumont Alexandre (2019) « Barriers and facilitators on cervical cancer screening among HIV women in Cote d'Ivoire », European Journal of Public Health, 29 (Suppl. 4) (novembre 13), p. 27-27. DOI : 10.1093/eurpub/ckz185.055. http://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010077767.

Résumé : Background With 50,000 death every year, cervical cancer is the fourth most common cause of death by cancer in sub-Saharan countries. Due to high risk human papilloma virus (hr-HPV) persistence on the cervix, leading to pre-malignous lesions, the disease is more frequent among HIV-positive women. In low- and middle-income countries, cervical cancer screening strategy relies on visual inspection with acetic acid, an operator-associated technic. As an alternative, HPV-based detection and its better performances are considered as it could lead to a potential screening uptake and women empowerment through self-sampling. Côte d’Ivoire, with a high HIV prevalence, is considering this innovative strategy. Yet, few studies analyzed the potential socio-cultural factors associated with cervical cancer screening in this context. Our study aims to assess beliefs and perceptions toward cervical cancer among HIV positive women in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire. Methods We performed in-depth interviews with 21 HIV positive women randomly attending a health center or member of a women’s association, in November 2018. All interviews were recorded and transcribed. A theoretical framework with the Health Belief Model and the PEN-3 was used to categorize women’s perceptions, enablers, nurturers, perceived gravity and self-efficacy about cervical cancer, screening and self-sampling technique introduction. Results Positive findings were knowledge about cervical cancer, awareness about women’s vulnerability and HIV status role on it and relationship to caregivers. Fear appeared as a barrier to screening but also a facilitator among women with health awareness. Negative findings were reluctance for HIV-associated diseases, poor screening knowledge and lack of resources to get treated. Self-sampling introduction was disregarded due to lack of self-confidence. Conclusions This study provides useful information for counselling and opens the door to HPV-based screening implementation.

Mots-clés : COTE D'IVOIRE.

Mercier-Suissa Catherine, Jarrar Hajer, Salloum Charbel et Alexandre Laurice (2019) « Prises de participations et performances des entreprises familiales », La Revue des Sciences de Gestion, N°296 (2), p. 67. DOI : 10.3917/rsg.296.0067. http://www.cairn.info/revue-des-sciences-de-gestion-2019-2-page-67.htm?ref=doi.

Merry Lisa, Turcotte-Tremblay Anne-Marie, Alam Nazmul, D’souza Nicole, Fillion Myriam, Fregonese Federica, Gautier Lara et Kadio Kadidiatou (2019) « The Global Health Research Capacity Strengthening (GHR-CAPS) Program: trainees’ experiences and perspectives », Journal of Global Health Reports, 3 (décembre 28). DOI : 10.29392/joghr.3.e2019086. https://www.joghr.org/article/12183-the-global-health-research-capacity-strengthening-ghr-caps-program-trainees-experiences-and-perspectives.

Résumé : # Introduction This paper aims to contribute to the discussion on how global health research (GHR) mentorship initiatives can best help prepare the next generation of GH researchers. To this end, the authors, a group of emerging researchers, share their experiences and perspectives of participating in the Global Health Research Capacity Strengthening (GHR-CAPS) program, a multidisciplinary GHR training and mentorship program in Quebec, Canada. # Discussion Based on their experiences, what is deemed most beneficial is interfacing with a diverse group of peers, learning and being guided from a community of mentors, actively engaging in research activities, having mentorship specific to GH, and being financially supported, especially through bursaries. Areas were also noted to better guide and support GHR emerging researchers. These included providing more support for navigating career transitions and developing a program of research, and removing geographical restrictions to access financial resources, including bursaries and small grants which can directly support the research of students and junior researchers. Overall, the trainees felt that participation in a mentorship program like GHR-CAPS yields multiple benefits including greater academic productivity, network expansion, increased professional confidence, and enhancement of knowledge and skills. It also provides a sense of belonging to something official and important and gives visibility to trainees' work. # Conclusion There is value-added to have mentorship programs like GHR-CAPS. GHR mentorship is optimized by having multiple sources of support for trainees and by implementing diverse strategies to meet trainees' needs and strengthen their capacity.

Moguérou Laure, Vampo Charlotte, Kpadonou Norbert et Adjamagbo Agnès (2019) « Les hommes au travail.. domestique en Afrique de l’Ouest », Cahiers du Genre, 67 (2), p. 97-119. DOI : 10.3917/cdge.067.0097. https://www.cairn.info/revue-cahiers-du-genre-2019-2-page-97.htm.

Résumé : Cet article interroge, dans une perspective croisant données quantitatives et qualitatives, les reconfigurations de la participation des hommes au travail domestique induites par l’implication accrue des femmes sur le marché du travail et dans les dépenses des ménages à Dakar et à Lomé. Ces changements jouent à la marge sur l’implication des hommes et leur participation reste faible, ponctuelle et centrée sur certaines tâches très spécifiques, et plus encore à Dakar qu’à Lomé. À côté d’une masculinité dominante axée sur le modèle idéalisé du male breadwinner, semblent émerger d’autres pratiques, se déroulant dans l’intimité du foyer, et principalement autour de l’éducation des enfants. Mais celles-ci s’inscrivent dans le prolongement du rôle de chef de famille et s’apparentent à des reconfigurations obligées de pratiques masculines privées de leur terrain d’expression et de structuration habituelle (la prise en charge matérielle du groupe familial).

Montaz Léo (2019) « L’autochtonie : un enjeu des relations intergénérationnelles en pays Bété, Côte d’Ivoire », Cargo - Revue Internationale d'Anthropologie culturelle et sociale, 9 (juin 25), p. 89-106. https://www.cargo.canthel.fr/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/cArgo_n9_2019_Montaz-Bete.pdf.

Résumé : Cet article interroge la conception de l’autochtonie en zone forestière ivoirienne, et propose d’explorer les logiques intracommunautaires liées à cette idéologie et pas uniquement les logiques intercommunautaires, déjà bien connues dans ce contexte. En reprenant ici la conception de l’autochtonie comme principe et norme institutionnelle développée par Jean-Pierre Chauveau, il s’agit de montrer que, dans le contexte d’une société lignagère, telle que la société Bété, le rapport entre autochtones et étrangers prolonge celui entre aînés et cadets car le principe de l’autochtonie a longtemps contribué à la position sociale dominante des premiers sur les seconds. Cependant, les jeunes manipulent aujourd’hui cette notion afin de faire valoir eux aussi leurs droits sur le patrimoine foncier en critiquant la mainmise de leurs parents et en les accusant de ne pas avoir convenablement géré ce patrimoine. Ces deux manières d’utiliser la notion d’autochtonie, loin d’être contradictoires, reflètent plutôt des stratégies divergentes qui visent à s’octroyer un droit et des bénéfices sur le patrimoine foncier d’une part et sur la présence des étrangers d’autre part. Cet article vise ainsi à analyser et à illustrer ces dynamiques contemporaines autour de l’autochtonie.

Mots-clés : Autochtonie, Conflits fonciers, COTE D'IVOIRE, Jeunesse, Relation intergenerationnelle, ⛔ No DOI found.

Montclos Marc-Antoine Pérouse de (2019) « La politique de la France au Sahel : une vision militaire », Hérodote - Revue de géographie et de géopolitique, 172, p. 137. DOI : 10.3917/her.172.0137. https://hal.science/hal-04097852.

Résumé : Cet article analyse la politique sécuritaire de la France dans la partie occidentale de la bande sahélo-saharienne, du Tchad jusqu'à la Mauritanie. Il montre que celle-ci repose sur trois fondamentaux : une surdétermination de l'importance de l'islam dans la production de révoltes qui sont qualifiées de djihadistes ; une vision très militaire d'espaces gigantesques et interconnectés ; une assimilation de la lutte contre le terrorisme à la lutte contre la pauvreté et l'émigration illégale.

Snapshot (source)

Morin Celine, Mercier Arnaud et Atlani-Duault Laetitia (2019) « Text–Image Relationships in Tweets: Shaping the Meanings of an Epidemic », Societies, 9 (1) (janvier 29), p. 12. DOI : 10.3390/soc9010012. http://www.mdpi.com/2075-4698/9/1/12.

Résumé : 1. Background: While many studies analyze the functions that images can fulfill during humanitarian crises or catastrophes, an understanding of how meaning is constructed in text-image relationships is lacking. This article explores how discourses are produced using different types of text-image interactions. It presents a case study focusing on a humanitarian crisis, more specifically the sexual transmission of Ebola. 2. Methods: Data were processed both quantitatively and qualitatively through a keyword-based selection. Tweets containing an image were retrieved from a database of 210,600 tweets containing the words "Ebola" and "semen", in English and in French, over the course of 12 months. When this first selection was crossed with the imperative of focusing on a specific thematic (the sexual transmission of Ebola) and avoiding off-topic text-image relationships, it led to reducing the corpus to 182 tweets. 3. Results: The article proposes a four-category classification of text-image relationships. Theoretically, it provides original insights into how discourses are built in social media; it also highlights the semiotic significance of images in expressing an opinion or an emotion. 4. Conclusion: The results suggest that the process of signification needs to be rethought: Content enhancement and dialogism through images have a bearing on Twitter's use as a public sphere, such as credibilization of discourses or politicization of events. This opens the way to a new, more comprehensive approach to the rhetorics of users on Twitter.

Texte intégral 4.2 Mio (source)

NAMSAL ANRS 12313 Study Group (2019) « Dolutegravir-based or low-dose efavirenz-based regimen for the treatment of HIV-1 », The New England Journal of Medicine, 381 (9) (août 29), p. 816-826. DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa1904340. https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1904340.

Résumé : BACKGROUND: An efavirenz-based regimen (with a 600-mg dose of efavirenz, known as EFV600) was the World Health Organization preferred first-line treatment for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection until June 2018. Given concerns about side effects, dolutegravir-based and low-dose efavirenz-based combinations have been considered as first-line treatments for HIV-1 in resource-limited settings. METHODS: We conducted an open-label, multicenter, randomized, phase 3 noninferiority trial in Cameroon. Adults with HIV-1 infection who had not received antiretroviral therapy and had an HIV-1 RNA level (viral load) of at least 1000 copies per milliliter were randomly assigned to receive either dolutegravir or the reference treatment of low-dose efavirenz (a 400-mg dose, known as EFV400), combined with tenofovir and lamivudine. The primary end point was the proportion of participants with a viral load of less than 50 copies per milliliter at week 48, on the basis of the Food and Drug Administration snapshot algorithm. The difference between treatment groups was calculated, and noninferiority was tested with a margin of 10 percentage points. RESULTS: A total of 613 participants received at least one dose of the assigned regimen. At week 48, a viral load of less than 50 copies per milliliter was observed in 231 of 310 participants (74.5%) in the dolutegravir group and in 209 of 303 participants (69.0%) in the EFV400 group, with a difference of 5.5 percentage points (95% confidence interval [CI], -1.6 to 12.7; P<0.001 for noninferiority). Among those with a baseline viral load of at least 100,000 copies per milliliter, a viral load of less than 50 copies per milliliter was observed in 137 of 207 participants (66.2%) in the dolutegravir group and in 123 of 200 participants (61.5%) in the EFV400 group, with a difference of 4.7 percentage points (95% CI, -4.6 to 14.0). Virologic failure (a viral load of >1000 copies per milliliter) was observed in 3 participants in the dolutegravir group (with none acquiring drug-resistance mutations) and in 16 participants in the EFV400 group. More weight gain was observed in the dolutegravir group than in the EFV400 group (median weight gain, 5.0 kg vs. 3.0 kg; incidence of obesity, 12.3% vs. 5.4%). CONCLUSIONS: In HIV-1-infected adults in Cameroon, a dolutegravir-based regimen was noninferior to an EFV400-based reference regimen with regard to viral suppression at week 48. Among participants who had a viral load of at least 100,000 copies per milliliter when antiretroviral therapy was initiated, fewer participants than expected had viral suppression. (Funded by Unitaid and the French National Agency for AIDS Research; NAMSAL ANRS 12313 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02777229.).

Mots-clés : Adult, Benzoxazines, Drug Therapy, Combination, Female, Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring, HIV Infections, HIV Integrase Inhibitors, HIV-1, Humans, Lamivudine, Male, Obesity, Pregnancy, RNA, Viral, Tenofovir, Viral Load, Weight Gain.

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