Références bibliographiques

Bakhta Kenza, Atlani-Duault Laëtitia, Benamouzing Daniel, Bouadma Lila, Chauvin Franck, Druais Pierre-Louis et Delfraissy Jean-François (2020) « France : le Conseil scientifique Covid-19, rôle et fonctionnement », Revue médicale Suisse, 16 (699) (juillet 1), p. 1327. https://hal.science/hal-04149521.

PubMed entry

Snapshot (source)

Beaugé Yvonne, De Allegri Manuela, Ouédraogo Samiratou, Bonnet Emmanuel, Kuunibe Naasegnibe et Ridde Valéry (2020) « Do Targeted User Fee Exemptions Reach the Ultra-Poor and Increase their Healthcare Utilisation? A Panel Study from Burkina Faso », International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17 (18) (septembre 8), p. 6543. DOI : 10.3390/ijerph17186543. https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/18/6543.

Résumé : Background: A component of the performance-based financing intervention implemented in Burkina Faso was to provide free access to healthcare via the distribution of user fee exemption cards to previously identified ultra-poor. This study examines the factors that led to the receipt of user fee exemption cards, and the effect of card possession on the utilisation of healthcare services. Methods: A panel data set of 1652 randomly selected ultra-poor individuals was used. Logistic regression was applied on the end line data to identify factors associated with the receipt of user fee exemption cards. Random-effects modelling was applied to the panel data to determine the effect of the card possession on healthcare service utilisation among those who reported an illness six months before the surveys. Results: Out of the ultra-poor surveyed in 2017, 75.51% received exemption cards. Basic literacy (p = 0.03), living within 5 km from a healthcare centre (p = 0.02) and being resident in Diébougou or Gourcy (p = 0.00) were positively associated with card possession. Card possession did not increase health service utilisation (β = −0.07; 95% CI = −0.45; 0.32; p = 0.73). Conclusion: A better intervention design and implementation is required. Complementing demand-side strategies could guide the ultra-poor in overcoming all barriers to healthcare access.

Beaugé Yvonne, Ridde Valery, Bonnet Emmanuel, Souleymane Sidibé, Kuunibe Naasegnibe et De Allegri Manuela (2020) « Factors related to excessive out-of-pocket expenditures among the ultra-poor after discontinuity of PBF: a cross-sectional study in Burkina Faso », Health Economics Review, 10 (1) (novembre 14), p. 36. DOI : 10.1186/s13561-020-00293-w. https://healtheconomicsreview.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13561-020-00293-w.

Résumé : Measuring progress towards financial risk protection for the poorest is essential within the framework of Universal Health Coverage. The study assessed the level of out-of-pocket expenditure and factors associated with excessive out-of-pocket expenditure among the ultra-poor who had been targeted and exempted within the context of the performance-based financing intervention in Burkina Faso. Ultra-poor were selected based on a community-based approach and provided with an exemption card allowing them to access healthcare services free of charge. Methods We performed a descriptive analysis of the level of out-of-pocket expenditure on formal healthcare services using data from a cross-sectional study conducted in Diébougou district. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to investigate the factors related to excessive out-of-pocket expenditure among the ultra-poor. The analysis was restricted to individuals who reported formal health service utilisation for an illness-episode within the last six months. Excessive spending was defined as having expenditure greater than or equal to two times the median out-of-pocket expenditure. Results Exemption card ownership was reported by 83.64% of the respondents. With an average of FCFA 23051.62 (USD 39.18), the ultra-poor had to supplement a significant amount of out-of-pocket expenditure to receive formal healthcare services at public health facilities which were supposed to be free. The probability of incurring excessive out-of-pocket expenditure was negatively associated with being female (β = − 2.072, p = 0.00, ME = − 0.324; p = 0.000) and having an exemption card (β = − 1.787, p = 0.025; ME = − 0.279, p = 0.014). Conclusions User fee exemptions are associated with reduced out-of-pocket expenditure for the ultra-poor. Our results demonstrate the importance of free care and better implementation of existing exemption policies. The ultra-poor’s elevated risk due to multi-morbidities and severity of illness need to be considered when allocating resources to better address existing inequalities and improve financial risk protection.

Becquet Valentine, Nouaman Marcellin, Plazy Mélanie, Masumbuko Jean-Marie, Anoma Camille, Kouame Soh, Danel Christine, Eholie Serge Paul et Larmarange Joseph (2020) « Sexual health needs of female sex workers in Côte d’Ivoire: a mixed-methods study to prepare the future implementation of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention », BMJ Open, 10 (1) (janvier), p. e028508. DOI : 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028508. http://bmjopen.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028508.

Résumé : OBJECTIVE: To describe sexual and reproductive health (SRH) needs of female sex workers (FSWs) to inform the future implementation of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention in this population. DESIGN AND SETTING: The ANRS 12361 PrEP-CI cross-sectional and mixed-methods study was designed and implemented with two community-based organisations in Côte d'Ivoire. PARTICIPANTS: A convenience sample of 1000 FSWs aged ≥18, not known as HIV-positive, completed a standardised questionnaire assessing sociodemographic characteristics, sexual practices, use of community health services and a priori acceptability of PrEP. Twenty-two indepth interviews and eight focus group discussions were also conducted to document FSWs' risky practices and sexual behaviours, experiences with violence and discrimination, attitudes regarding HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and barriers to SRH services. RESULTS: Although 87% described consistent condom use with clients, more than 22% declared accepting condomless sexual intercourse for a large sum of money. Furthermore, condom use with their steady partner and knowledge of their partner's HIV status were low despite their acknowledged concurrent sexual partnerships. While inconsistent condom use exposed FSWs to STIs and undesired pregnancies, the prevalence of contraceptive strategies other than condoms was low (39%) due to fear of contraception causing sterility. FSWs faced obstacles to accessing SRH care and preferred advice from their peers or self-medication. CONCLUSIONS: Despite adoption of preventive behaviour in most cases, FSWs are still highly exposed to HIV. Furthermore, FSWs seem to face several barriers to accessing SRH. Implementing PrEP among FSWs in West Africa, such as in Côte d'Ivoire, constitutes an opportunity to consider the regular follow-up of HIV-negative FSWs. PrEP initiation should not condition access to SRH services; conversely, SRH services could be a way to attract FSWs into HIV prevention. Our results highlight the importance of developing a people-focused approach that integrates all SRH needs when transitioning from PrEP efficacy trials to implementation. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.

Texte intégral 305.2 kio (source)

Belaid Loubna, Benoit Magalie, Kaur Navdeep, Lili Azari et Ridde Valery (2020) « Population Health Intervention Implementation Among Migrants With Precarious Status in Montreal: Underlying Theory and Key Challenges », SAGE Open, 10 (2) (avril), p. 215824402091795. DOI : 10.1177/2158244020917957. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2158244020917957.

Résumé : The purpose of this study is to describe the underlying theory and the challenges involved in implementing an intervention to access health care services for migrants with precarious status (MPS) in Montreal. The description of the underlying theory of the intervention was based on a documentary analysis and a workshop with clinicians (n = 9). The challenges were identified through concept mapping (n = 28) and in-depth interviews (n = 13). The results of the study indicated that the aims of the intervention were to provide access to health care to MPS primarily to avoid any further health status deterioration. The most significant challenges identified were sustainable funding resources and improved access to care and protection for MPS. The interviews indicated that MPS are difficult to reach out; public health care system rules are unclear; resource constraints make it difficult to provide adequate and continuing care; and advocacy activities are difficult to organize.

Bernard-Maugiron Nathalie (2020) « Les amendements constitutionnels de 2019 en Égypte : vers une consécration de la dérive autoritaire du régime », Revue francaise de droit constitutionnel, N° 121 (1) (février 18), p. 3-19. DOI : 10.3917/rfdc.121.0003. https://www.cairn.info/revue-francaise-de-droit-constitutionnel-2020-1-page-3.htm.

Besle S et Schultz Emilien (2020) « Using Research to Treat Cancer: Localized Biomedical Innovation », Revue Francaise De Sociologie, 61 (3), p. 405-433. DOI : 10.3917/rfs.613.0405.

Bonnet Doris et Delanoë Daniel (2020) « Pourquoi les jeunes d’Afrique subsaharienne partent-ils ? », De Facto, 17 (mars 26). http://icmigrations.fr/2020/03/25/defacto-017-01/.

Résumé : On constate une augmentation croissante des mineurs non accompagnés arrivés en France. Les raisons de leur migration conjuguent une perte d’affiliation et une stratégie du désespoir.

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

Bonnet Emmanuel, Fournet Florence, Benmarhnia Tarik, Ouedraogo Samiratou, Dabiré Roch et Ridde Valéry (2020) « Impact of a community-based intervention on Aedes aegypti and its spatial distribution in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso », Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 9 (1) (décembre), p. 61. DOI : 10.1186/s40249-020-00675-6. https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-020-00675-6.

Résumé : Background Several studies highlighted the impact of community-based interventions whose purpose was to reduce the vectors’ breeding sites. These strategies are particularly interesting in low-and-middle-income countries which may find it difficult to sustainably assume the cost of insecticide-based interventions. In this case study we determine the spatial distribution of a community-based intervention for dengue vector control using different entomological indices. The objective was to evaluate locally where the intervention was most effective, using spatial analysis methods that are too often neglected in impact assessments. Methods Two neighbourhoods, Tampouy and Juvenat in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, were chosen among five after a survey was conducted, as part of an assessment related to the burden of dengue. As part of the community-based intervention conducted in Tampouy between August and early October 2016, an entomological survey was implemented in two phases. The first phase consisted of a baseline entomological characterization of potential breeding sites in the neighbourhood of Tampouy as well as in Juvenat, the control area. This phase was conducted in October 2015 at the end of the rainy season. The mosquito breeding sites were screened in randomly selected houses: 206 in Tampouy and 203 in Juvenat. A second phase took place after the intervention, in October 2016. The mosquito breeding sites were investigated in the same yards as during the baseline phase. We performed several entomological analyses to measure site productivity as well as before and after analysis using multilevel linear regression. We used Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISAs) to analyse spatial concentrations of larvae. Results After the intervention, it is noted that LISAs at Tampouy reveal few aggregates of all types and the suppression of those existing before the intervention. The analysis therefore reveals that the intervention made it possible to reduce the number of concentration areas of high and low values of pupae. Conclusions The contribution of spatial methods for assessing community-based intervention are relevant for monitoring at local levels as a complement to epidemiological analyses conducted within neighbourhoods. They are useful, therefore, not only for assessment but also for establishing interventions. This study shows that spatial analyses also have their place in population health intervention research

Bonnet Emmanuel, Nikiéma Aude, Adoléhoume Amakoé et Ridde Valery (2020) « Better data for better action: rethinking road injury data in francophone West Africa », BMJ Global Health, 5 (5) (mai), p. e002521. DOI : 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002521. http://gh.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002521.

Boulay Sébastien (2020) « PÉROUSE DE MONTCLOS Marc-Antoine, Une guerre perdue. La France au Sahel, Paris, Éditions Jean-Claude Lattès, janvier 2020, 312 p.: », L’Ouest Saharien, 12 (2) (décembre 10), p. 262-266. DOI : 10.3917/ousa.202.0262. https://www.cairn.info/revue-l-ouest-saharien-2020-2-page-262.htm?ref=doi.

Boulay Sébastien (2020) « ALLAN Joanna, Silenced resistance. Women dictatorships, and Genderwashing in Western Sahara and Equatorial Guinea, University of Wisconsin Press, 2019, 338 p.: », L’Ouest Saharien, Vol. 10-11 (1) (août 25), p. 333-336. DOI : 10.3917/ousa.201.0333. https://www.cairn.info/revue-l-ouest-saharien-2020-1-page-333.htm?ref=doi.

Résumé : This book review presented on June 13, 2019 at ECAS in Edinburgh during a book launch session organized by Joanna Allan. The author completed a Master’s thesis on gender representations in the nationalist discourses of the Polisario Front in 2008 at the University of Leeds. After five years working in NGOs, she returned to Leeds’ Department of Hispanic Studies to start a PhD on gender and resistance in Western Sahara and Equatorial Guinea, which she completed in 2016. This book is the result of her doctoral thesis. Joanna Allan is currently working at Northumbria’s Centre for International Development.

Boyer Sylvie, Nishimwe M. L., Sagaon-Teyssier L., March L., Koulla-Shiro S., Bousmah Marwân-Al-Qays, Toby R., Mpoudi-Etame M. P., Ngom Gueye N. F., Sawadogo A., Kouanfack C., Ciaffi L., Spire B., Delaporte E. et 2-Lady Group (2020) « Cost-effectiveness of three alternative boosted protease inhibitor-based second-line regimens in HIV-infected patients in West and Central Africa », PharmacoEconomics - Open, 4 (1), p. 45-60. DOI : 10.1007/s41669-019-0157-9. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs41669-019-0157-9.

Résumé : BACKGROUND: While dolutegravir has been added by WHO as a preferred second-line option for the treatment of HIV infection, boosted protease inhibitor (bPI)-based regimens are still needed as alternative second-line options. Identifying optimal bPI-based second-line combinations is essential, given associated high costs and funding constraints in low- and middle-income countries. We assessed the cost-effectiveness of three alternative bPI-based second-line regimens in Burkina Faso, Cameroon and Senegal. METHODS: We used data collected over 2010-2015 in the 2LADY trial/post-trial cohort. Patients with first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) failure were randomly assigned to tenofovir/emtricitabine + lopinavir/ritonavir (TDF/FTC LPV/r; arm A), abacavir + didanosine + lopinavir/ritonavir (arm B), or tenofovir/emtricitabine + darunavir/ritonavir (arm C). Costs (US dollars, 2016), quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were computed for each country over 24 months of follow-up and extrapolated to 5 years using a simulated patient-level Markov model. We assessed uncertainty using cost-effectiveness acceptability curves, scenarios and prices threshold analysis. RESULTS: In each country, over 24 months, arm A was significantly less costly than arms B and C (incremental costs ranging from US$410-$US721 and US$468-US$546 for B and C vs A, respectively) and offered similar health benefits (incremental QALY: - 0.138 to 0.023 and - 0.179 to 0.028, respectively). Over 5 years, arm A remained the least costly, health benefits not being significantly different between arms. Compared with arms B and C, in each study country, Arm A had a ≥ 95% probability of being cost-effective for a large range of cost-effectiveness thresholds, irrespective of the scenario considered. CONCLUSIONS: Using TDF/FTC LPV/r as a bPI-based second-line regimen provided the best economic value in the three study countries. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00928187.

PubMed entry

Brives Charlotte et Pourraz Jessica (2020) « Phage therapy as a potential solution in the fight against AMR: obstacles and possible futures? », Palgrave Communications, 6 (100) (mai 19). DOI : 10.1057/s41599-020-0478-4.

Résumé : Phage therapy, the use of bacteriophage viruses to treat bacterial infections, has existed for more than a hundred years. However, the practice is struggling to develop, despite growing support over the past 15 years from researchers and doctors, who see it as a promising therapy in the context of the rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). While the reasons for these developmental difficulties are complex, in this article we wish to address the effects of pharmaceutical regulations on phage therapy. By showing how phages are assimilated to an umpteenth antibiotic in legal texts, but also in certain medical practices, this article proposes to analyze the consequences of such regulatory categorization both for their production and the logistics of administration of proof of their efficacy in randomized controlled trials (RCTs), as well as the underlying concepts of infection and treatment. This paper follows Chandler’s work on the concept of antibiotics as infrastructure and its inversion presented by antimicrobial resistance. Phages as living, dynamic, evolving, and specific entities, do not lend themselves easily to current categories, norms, and development models. In this sense, they act as disruptors, revealing the limitations imposed by the existing infrastructure. More precisely here, and to continue Chandler’s initial thought process, this paper aims to show that antibiotics also form a kind of epistemological infrastructure, which acts as a powerful inhibitor to the development of phage therapy. In this sense antibiotics prevent the development of solutions to the problem they contribute to create. But the difficulties phage therapy faces, as highlighted in this article, can be interpreted as entry points for thinking of another medicine and imagining other possible futures. This analysis is based on a 3-year fieldwork study (2016–2019) in Europe (France, Belgium, and Switzerland), during which we conducted semi-directed interviews with various phage therapy stakeholders (physicians, researchers, pharmacists, regulators, patients, and patient associations), participatory observation in labs and observations during symposia and workshops on phages and phage therapy.

Cappelle Julien, Hoem Thavry, Hul Vibol, Furey Neil, Nguon Kunthy, Prigent Steven, Dupon Liane, Ken Sreymom, Neung Chhoeuth, Hok Visal, Pring Long, Lim Thona, Bumrungsri Sara, Duboz Raphaël, Buchy Philippe, Ly Sowath, Duong Veasna, Tarantola Arnaud, Binot Aurélie et Dussart Philippe (2020) « Nipah virus circulation at human–bat interfaces, Cambodia », Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 98 (8) (août 1), p. 539-547. DOI : 10.2471/BLT.20.254227. http://www.who.int/entity/bulletin/volumes/98/8/20-254227.pdf.

Carabali Mabel, Pérez Dennis, Degroote Stephanie, Reyes Alicia, Kaufman Jay S. et Ridde Valery (2020) « Towards a better integration of social sciences in arbovirus research and decision-making: an experience from scientific collaboration between Cuban and Quebec institutions », Global Health Promotion (août 14), p. 175797592094385. DOI : 10.1177/1757975920943859. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1757975920943859.

Résumé : In 2017, the Institute of Tropical Medicine Pedro Kourí, University of Montreal Public Health Research Institute, and McGill University joined efforts to provide scenarios for scientific exchange and knowledge dissemination about the social science contribution on arboviral research. This commentary describes the scientific collaboration between Cuban and Canadian (Quebec) institutions, illustrating the need and opportunities to facilitate research and effective decision-making processes for arboviral prevention and control, going beyond traditional biomedical aspects. We organized a set of scientific activities within three international events conducted in Cuba between 2017 and 2018. Given the collaborating institutions’ expertise and the knowledge gaps in arboviral research, we selected three main thematic areas: social determinants and equity, community-based interventions and use of evidence for decision-making. The partnership shows that interdisciplinary collaboration and the use and integration of quantitative and qualitative methods from the social sciences is essential to face the current challenges in arbovirus research.

Carillon Séverine, Gallardo Lucille, Linard Françoise, Chakvetadze Catherine, Viard Jean-Paul, Cros Agnès, Molina Jean-Michel et Slama Laurence (2020) « Perspectives of injectable long acting antiretroviral therapies for HIV treatment or prevention: understanding potential users’ ambivalences », AIDS Care, 32 (sup2) (mars 19), p. 155-161. DOI : 10.1080/09540121.2020.1742869. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09540121.2020.1742869.

Résumé : Recent clinical trial data showed that injectable long-acting antiretroviral treatment (LA-ART) every four or eight weeks could become an alternative option for HIV treatment or prevention. The purpose of our study was to explore perceptions and potential users' points of views of this new mode of administration through individuals' therapeutic itinerary and their singular history with ART. Between 2018 and 2019, a qualitative study was conducted in two University Hospitals in Paris, France. In-depth interviews were conducted with 15 virologically controlled People Living with HIV (PLWH) and 13 men on pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for at least six months. Interviews, focused on the daily experience with ART, were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using thematic content analysis. Collected discourses were organized around three emergent concerns: social, material and experimental. Each of these concerns was perceived as ambivalent, balanced by skepticism and hope. It revealed the complexity of each individual's relationship to their HIV treatment or PrEP, leading to balance the injectable LA-ART popularity reported within clinical trials. This new mode of administration may be a suitable alternative for some PLWH and PrEP users, a "simplification" compared to the oral route. It opens a window for "customizable" ART-treatment according to individuals' lives. Injectable ; long-acting antiretroviral therapies ; acceptability ; PrEP ; antiretroviral treatment ; qualitative study

Carillon Séverine et Girard Gabriel (2020) « Mieux comprendre les défis de la médicalisation de la prévention du VIH en France : la prophylaxie préexposition au prisme des sciences sociales », Global Health Promotion, 27 (2) (juin), p. 149-153. DOI : 10.1177/1757975919843060. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1757975919843060.

Résumé : Le recours aux traitements antirétroviraux pour la prévention du VIH transforme en profondeur le contexte des interventions dans ce domaine. La prophylaxie pré-exposition (Prep) en constitue l’une des facettes les plus visibles. Pour autant, l’utilisation de la Prep en France s’avère limitée. L’outil peine à trouver son public parmi les populations ciblées. Comment expliquer la sous-utilisation d’une approche de prévention dont la haute efficacité est pourtant démontrée ? Les réponses à cette question gagneraient à s’enrichir des sciences humaines et sociales tant pour penser les conditions de l’appropriation de l’outil par les publics ciblés que pour identifier les impensés et les logiques qui sous-tendent son déploiement. Loin de se limiter au VIH, la réflexion critique sur le recours aux médicaments comme outils de prévention ouvre des questions pertinentes pour le champ de la promotion de la santé.

Carillon Séverine, Gosselin Anne, Coulibaly Karna, Ridde Valery et Desgrées du Loû Annabel (2020) « Immigrants facing Covid 19 containment in France : An ordinary hardship of disaffiliation », Journal of Migration and Health, 1-2, p. 100032. DOI : 10.1016/j.jmh.2020.100032. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2666623520300325.

Résumé : In order to limit the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the majority of governments have introduced population containment. Certain population groups, including immigrants in precarious situations, are experiencing the impact of this measure in a brutal manner. This article is based on accounts of containment experiences collected by telephone within the framework of a pre-existing intervention research carried out among immigrants to France from Sub-Saharan Africa who are in a precarious situation. It highlights certain social effects of containment and the logics at work in the precarious situations. This research shows how this a priori unprecedented situation affects individual capacities to act and generates a ‘disaffiliation process’ causing individuals to shift towards ‘social non-existence’, repeating lived experiences and exacerbating pre-existing logics. The ordeal of containment proves to be an ordinary experience for these individuals.

Cavallaro Francesca L, Benova Lenka, Dioukhane El Hadji, Wong Kerry, Sheppard Paula, Faye Adama, Radovich Emma, Dumont Alexandre, Mbengue Abdou Salam, Ronsmans Carine et Martinez-Alvarez Melisa (2020) « What the percentage of births in facilities does not measure: readiness for emergency obstetric care and referral in Senegal », BMJ Global Health, 5 (3) (mars), p. e001915. DOI : 10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001915. http://gh.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001915.

Résumé : Introduction L'augmentation des accouchements en établissement en Afrique subsaharienne n'a pas entraîné la baisse attendue de la mortalité maternelle, ce qui suscite des inquiétudes quant à la qualité des soins dispensés dans les établissements. La disponibilité des établissements à différents niveaux du système de santé à fournir à la fois des soins obstétricaux et néonatals d'urgence (REMU) ainsi que des références n'est pas connue. Nous décrivons cette préparation combinée par niveau d'établissement et par région au Sénégal. Méthodes Pour cette étude transversale, nous avons utilisé les données de neuf enquêtes démographiques et de santé entre 1992 et 2017 au Sénégal pour décrire les tendances de la localisation des naissances au fil du temps. Nous avons utilisé les données de l'évaluation de la prestation de services de 2017 pour décrire le REMU et l'état de préparation aux aiguillages d'urgence à tous les niveaux des établissements du système public, où 94% des naissances se produisent. Un recensement des installations du système national de positionnement mondial a été utilisé pour cartographier l'accès des installations de niveau inférieur à l'installation la plus proche pratiquant des césariennes. Résultats Les naissances en établissement sont passées de 47% en 1992 à 80% en 2016, tirées par les naissances dans les postes de santé de niveau inférieur, où la moitié des naissances en établissement se produisent désormais. Les taux de césariennes dans les zones rurales ont plus que doublé, mais seulement à 3,7%, indiquant des améliorations mineures dans l'accès aux EmONC. Seuls 9% des postes de santé étaient pleinement prêts pour les REMU de base, et 62% étaient prêts à être référés (véhicule sur place ou téléphone et accès au véhicule ailleurs). Bien que les établissements publics aient représenté les trois quarts de toutes les naissances en 2016, seulement 16% de ces naissances ont eu lieu dans des établissements capables de fournir une préparation combinée adéquate pour le REMU et l'orientation. Conclusions Nos résultats impliquent que de nombreux établissements publics de niveau inférieur - le lieu de naissance le plus courant au Sénégal - sont incapables de traiter ou d'orienter les femmes souffrant de complications obstétricales, en particulier dans les zones rurales. Compte tenu de l'augmentation des naissances dans les établissements de niveau inférieur au Sénégal et ailleurs, il est urgent d'améliorer le REMU et la préparation à l'orientation pour accélérer la réduction de la mortalité maternelle et périnatale.

Chady Shimeen-Khan (2020) « L’influence des représentations diglossiques sur les pratiques d’enfants et d’adolescents mauriciens », Le francais aujourd'hui, 208 (1) (mars 20), p. 31-41. DOI : 10.3917/lfa.208.0031. https://www.cairn.info/revue-le-francais-aujourd-hui-2020-1-page-31.htm.

Résumé : Cet article vise à montrer les écarts entre discours et pratiques chez des enfants et adolescents mauriciens causés, selon moi, par les injonctions scolaires, familiales et sociales qui entretiennent des représentations diglossiques au sein de la société. Après une première socialisation en Kreol morisien (KM) pour la grande majorité des Mauriciens, l’entrée à l’école les oblige à adopter une nouvelle norme, celle du français. La famille se plie aussi souvent à cette injonction, entrainant, chez les enfants, des contradictions dans leurs comportements face aux langues en présence. On remarque en effet que, malgré les représentations diglossiques persistantes, le KM trouve sa place dans le répertoire langagier de ces enfants qui l’utilisent quand même parfois à l’école. Au secondaire, lorsque les réseaux des jeunes s’élargissent, le KM prend une place plus importante dans les pratiques de ces jeunes et pourrait traduire une opposition face aux injonctions scolaires, familiales et sociales. L’étude se fonde ici sur deux enquêtes menées en 2013 et 2014, peu de temps après l’introduction du kM au primaire, effective depuis 2012.

Mots-clés : Adolescents, Contact de langues, École, Éducation, Enfants, Jeunes, Maurice, Représentations.

Chao Fengqing, Guilmoto Christophe Z., K. C. Samir et Ombao Hernando (2020) « Probabilistic projection of the sex ratio at birth and missing female births by State and Union Territory in India », éd. par William Joe, PLOS ONE, 15 (8) (août 19), p. e0236673. DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0236673. https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236673.

Résumé : The sex ratio at birth (SRB) in India has been reported to be imbalanced since the 1970s. Previous studies have shown there is a great variation in the SRB between geographic locations across India till 2016. Considering the enormous population and regional heterogeneity of India, producing probabilistic SRB projections at the state level is crucial for policy planning and population projection. In this paper, we implement a Bayesian hierarchical time series model to project the SRB across India by state. We generate SRB probabilistic projections from 2017 to 2030 for 29 States and Union Territories (UTs) in India, and present results for 21 States/UTs with data available from the Sample Registration System. Our analysis takes into account two state-specific factors that contribute to sex-selective abortion in India, resulting in sex imbalances at birth: the intensity of son preference and fertility squeeze. We project that the highest deficits in female births will occur in Uttar Pradesh, with a cumulative number of missing female births of 2.0 (95% credible interval [1.9; 2.2]) million from 2017 to 2030. The total female birth deficits during 2017-2030 for the whole of India is projected to be 6.8 [6.6; 7.0] million.

Chaudat Philippe (2020) « Les usages de l’alcool à Meknès (Maroc) : entre interdits, censure et autocensure », L’Année du Maghreb, 22 (juillet 14), p. 263-274. DOI : 10.4000/anneemaghreb.6596. http://journals.openedition.org/anneemaghreb/6596.

Résumé : Au Maroc, l’alcool est interdit aux musulmans, et pourtant de nombreux commerces (bars, épiceries…) proposent cette marchandise à des consommateurs qui sont des musulmans. Pour pouvoir vendre de l’alcool, les commerçants organisent, selon des modalités qui leur sont propres, leur espace et leurs pratiques pour les rendre invisibles tandis que les clients, de leur côté, masquent leurs achats et leurs usages. Ainsi, les mécanismes d’autocensure que génère l’alcool consistent, non pas à s’en abstenir, mais à masquer la visibilité de sa circulation et de sa consommation. Dès lors, l’appréhension sociale de la transgression porte moins sur le non-respect de l’interdit que sur le non-respect de cette autocensure.

Chaudat Philippe (2020) « The uses of alcohol in Meknes (Morocco): prohibitions, censorship and self-censorship », L'Année du Maghreb, 22 (juillet 14), p. 263-274. DOI : 10.4000/anneemaghreb.6596. http://journals.openedition.org/anneemaghreb/6596.

Résumé : In Morocco, alcohol is forbidden to Muslims, and yet many shops (bars, grocery stores...) offer these goods to consumers who are Muslims. In order to be able to sell alcohol, shopkeepers organize, on the one hand, according to their own arrangements, their space and practices to make them invisible, while customers, on the other hand, hide their purchases and uses. Thus, the self-censorship mechanisms generated by alcohol do not so much consist in abstaining from its consumption, but in hiding the visibility of its circulation and consumption. Consequently, the social apprehension of transgression is less about not respecting the ban than about not respecting this self-censorship.

Chavez Henry et Gaybor Jacqueline (2020) « COVID-19, tecnología y poder: los peligros del optimismo tecnológico y el surgimiento del omnióptico global », F-ILIA, 1 (2) (octobre). http://ilia.uartes.edu.ec/download/oct2020-mar2021-filia-2-art02/?wpdmdl=13236&masterkey=5f9049e91ba99.

Résumé : En medio de la crisis de COVID-19, los países enfrentan la necesidad de restringir la movilidad para reducir la propagación del virus. Ante la urgencia, varios gobiernos alrededor del mundo, entre esos el Ecuador, están empezando a implementar nuevos mecanismos de control basados en tecnologías de Big Data e inteligencia artificial. Sin embargo, la rapidez de estas decisiones y la falta de reflexión y debate sobre sus posibles consecuencias a corto y largo plazo puede llevarnos a engendrar una nueva estructura de poder y control, construida sobre la base de nuestros propios rastros digitales. Esta nueva estructura puede transformar radicalmente la relación entre Estados y ciudadanos y dar paso a la instauración de regímenes cada vez más autoritarios alrededor del mundo.

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

Cicchelli Vincenzo et Octobre Sylvie (2020) « S’ouvrir au monde par les consommations culturelles globales », Champs culturels, 30 (octobre), p. 79-84. http://education-socioculturelle.ensfea.fr/wp-content/uploads/sites/19/2020/10/WEB-maquetteCC30.pdf.

Résumé : La globalisation de la culture et l’intensification de la circulation des biens cultu- rels ont favorisé l’internationalisation des répertoires culturels des jeunes : leurs réfé- rences mêlent influences américaines, asiatiques, mais aussi indiennes et latines... et redessinent les contours de leurs savoirs et de leurs imaginaires sur le monde. Au-delà de l’opposition terme à terme entre authenticité et réinvention, les auteurs mettent en évidence la manière dont les consommations de produits étrangers nourrissent avec force la construction d’un rapport médié à l’altérité.

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

Cicchelli Vincenzo et Octobre Sylvie (2020) « Cosmopolitan Empowerments and Biographical Trajectories among Young French Fans of Hallyu », Culture and Empathy: International Journal of Sociology, Psychology, and Cultural Studies, 3 (34) (novembre 30), p. 95-118. DOI : 10.32860/26356619/2020/3.34.0004. https://culturenempathy.org/cosmopolitan-empowerments-and-biographical-trajectories-among-young-french-fans-of-hallyu/.

Résumé : This article explores the passion of young French people for the Hallyu, within the framework of an analysis of the contribution of the “consumption of difference” (Schroeder 2015) to the formation of the self through the figure of the ‘cosmopolitan amateur’ (Cicchelli and Octobre 2018a). We will first look at the reasons for the success of Hallyu in France then discuss the different forms of empowerment stemmed from the consumption of Korean products, among young people (74 in depth-interviews with young fans aged 18-31) with no previous link with Korea, which nurture their biographical trajectories.

Cloos Patrick, Ndao Elhadji Malick, Aho Josephine, Benoît Magalie, Fillol Amandine, Munoz-Bertrand Maria, Ouimet Marie-Jo, Hanley Jill et Ridde Valéry (2020) « The negative self-perceived health of migrants with precarious status in Montreal, Canada: A cross-sectional study », éd. par Luisa N. Borrell, PLOS ONE, 15 (4) (avril 9), p. e0231327. DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0231327. https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231327.

Résumé : Background Knowledge about the health impacts of the absence of health insurance for migrants with precarious status (MPS) in Canada is scarce. MPS refer to immigrants with authorized but temporary legal status (i.e. temporary foreign workers, visitors, international students) and/or unauthorized status (out of legal status, i.e. undocumented). This is the first large empirical study that examines the social determinants of self-perceived health of MPS who are uninsured and residing in Montreal. Methods and findings Between June 2016 and September 2017, we performed a cross-sectional survey of uninsured migrants in Montreal, Quebec. Migrants without health insurance (18+) were sampled through venue-based recruitment, snowball strategy and media announcements. A questionnaire focusing on sociodemographic, socioeconomic and psychosocial characteristics, social determinants, health needs and access to health care, and health self-perception was administered to 806 individuals: 54.1% were recruited in urban spaces and 45.9% in a health clinic. 53.9% were categorized as having temporary legal status in Canada and 46% were without authorized status. Regions of birth were: Asia (5.2%), Caribbean (13.8%), Europe (7.3%), Latin America (35.8%), Middle East (21%), Sub-Saharan Africa (15.8%) and the United States (1.1%). The median age was 37 years (range:18–87). The proportion of respondents reporting negative (bad/fair) self-perception of health was 44.8%: 36.1% among migrants with authorized legal status and 54.4% among those with unauthorized status (statistically significant difference; p<0.001). Factors associated with negative self-perceived health were assessed using logistic regression. Those who were more likely to perceive their health as negative were those: with no diploma/primary/secondary education (age-adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 2.49 [95% CI 1.53–4.07, p<0.001] or with a college diploma (AOR: 2.41 [95% CI 1.38–4.20, p = 0.002); whose family income met their needs not at all/a little (AOR: 6.22 [95% CI 1.62–23.85], p = 0.008) or met their needs fairly (AOR: 4.70 [95% CI 1.21–18.27], p = 0.025); with no one whom they could ask for money (AOR: 1.60 [95% CI 1.05–2.46], p = 0.03); with perception of racism (AOR: 1.58 [95% CI 1.01–2.48], p = 0.045); with a feeling of psychological distress (AOR: 2.17 [95% CI 1.36–3.45], p = 0.001); with unmet health care needs (AOR: 3.45 [95% CI 2.05–5.82], p<0.001); or with a health issue in the past 12 months (AOR: 3.44 [95% CI 1.79–6.61], p<0.001). Some variables that are associated with negative self-perceived health varied according to gender: region of birth, lower formal education, having a family income that does not meet needs perfectly /very well, insalubrious housing, not knowing someone who could be asked for money, and having ever received a medical diagnosis. Conclusions In our study, almost half of immigrants without health insurance perceived their health as negative, much higher than reports of negative self-perceived health in previous Canadian studies (8.5% among recent immigrants, 19.8% among long-term immigrants, and 10.6% among Canadian-born). Our study also suggests a high rate of unmet health care needs among migrants with precarious status, a situation that is correlated with poor self-perceived health. There is a need to put social policies in place to secure access to resources, health care and social services for all migrants, with or without authorized status.

Collectif « Etrangèr-es et division internationale du travail scientifique » de la coordination des Facs et labos en lutte, Noûs Camille et Kabbanji Lama (2020) « « Bienvenue en France ! ». Entretien réalisé avec les Malvenu-es de l'Université », Tracés. Revue de Sciences humaines, 39 (septembre 15), p. 39-65. DOI : 10.4000/traces.11759. http://journals.openedition.org/traces/11759.

Résumé : En juillet 2020, la rédaction de Tracés a rencontré sept membres du collectif « Etrangèr-es et division internationale du travail scientifique » de la coordination des Facs et labos en lutte pour un entretien qui a pris la forme d’une discussion à bâtons rompus au cours de laquelle il a, entre autres, été question de revenir sur la genèse du collectif, sur les différentes formes de précarisations des étrangères et des étrangers au sein de l’ESR, sur la difficulté à faire entendre une voix autonome pour les étrangères et les étrangers dans le cadre des mobilisations contre la LPPR et sur les horizons de luttes qui convergeraient enfin. C’est cette discussion libre, qui n’a pas « la tête d’un entretien », que nous reproduisons dans ces pages.

Copans Jean (2020) « Subjectivations of/at work », La Nouvelle Revue du Travail, 17 (novembre 1). DOI : 10.4000/nrt.7741. http://journals.openedition.org/nrt/7741.

Coulibaly Abdourahmane, Gautier Lara, Zitti Tony et Ridde Valéry (2020) « Implementing performance-based financing in peripheral health centres in Mali: what can we learn from it? », Health Research Policy and Systems, 18 (1). DOI : 10.1186/s12961-020-00566-0. https://health-policy-systems.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12961-020-00566-0.

Résumé : IntroductionNumerous sub-Saharan African countries have experimented with performance-based financing (PBF) with the goal of improving health system performance. To date, few articles have examined the implementation of this type of complex intervention in Francophone West Africa. This qualitative research aims to understand the process of implementing a PBF pilot project in Mali's Koulikoro region.MethodWe conducted a contrasted multiple case study of performance in 12 community health centres in three districts. We collected 161 semi-structured interviews, 69 informal interviews and 96 non-participant observation sessions. Data collection and analysis were guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research adapted to the research topic and local context.ResultsOur analysis revealed that the internal context of the PBF implementation played a key role in the process. High-performing centres exercised leadership and commitment more strongly than low-performing ones. These two characteristics were associated with taking initiatives to promote PBF implementation and strengthening team spirit. Information regarding the intervention was best appropriated by qualified health professionals. However, the limited duration of the implementation did not allow for the emergence of networks or champions. The enthusiasm initially generated by PBF quickly dissipated, mainly due to delays in the implementation schedule and the payment modalities.ConclusionPBF is a complex intervention in which many actors intervene in diverse contexts. The initial level of performance and the internal and external contexts of primary healthcare facilities influence the implementation of PBF. Future work in this area would benefit from an interdisciplinary approach combining public health and anthropology to better understand such an intervention. The deductive-inductive approach must be the stepping-stone of such a methodological approach.

Dagenais Christian et Ridde Valéry (2020) « Le transfert des connaissances scientifiques, « c’est bien, mais c’est pas encore arrivé… » », Revue francophone de recherche sur le transfert et l’utilisation des connaissances (août 12), p. Vol. 4 No 1 (2020). DOI : 10.18166/TUC.2020.4.1.16. https://revue-tuc.ca/index.php/accueil/article/view/16.

Résumé : Éditorial du numéro 1, volume 4 de la Revue Tuc, Revue francophone de recherche sur le transfert et l’utilisation des connaissances.

Note

<h2>SeriesInformation</h2> Revue francophone de recherche sur le transfert et l’utilisation des connaissances , Vol. 4 No 1 (2020)

Daghmi Fathallah et Gérard Etienne (2020) « Partie 2 : Migrations et mobilité sociale : s'internationaliser pour prendre position ? : introduction », p. 89. https://hal.science/hal-04096269.

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

Snapshot (source)

Darsot A, Mattern C, Shimakawa Y, Giles-Vernick T et Pourette Dolores (2020) « Barriers to the access to hepatitis B diagnosis and prevention in Madagascar: a qualitative approach », European Journal of Public Health, 30 (Supplement_5) (septembre 1), p. ckaa166.1411. DOI : 10.1093/eurpub/ckaa166.1411. https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/article/doi/10.1093/eurpub/ckaa166.1411/5916007.

Résumé : Abstract Background The overall seroprevalence of HBsAg is estimated at 6.9% in adults in Madagascar. The most frequently used means of prevention remain screening and vaccination, but their implementation encounters structural and individual difficulties. An anthropological study was conducted in Madagascar in 2018-2019 in order to identify the care pathways of people with chronic HBV infection and the barriers to the vaccination, screening, and care. Methods Semi-directive interviews were conducted with twenty patients known to be chronically infected with HBV and three hepato-gastroenterologists at the central hospital in Antananarivo. Results None of the patients voluntarily got tested for HBV. Only two patients had known that there is a vaccine against this infection before they got the diagnosis of hepatitis B, and both were medical students. Patients' lack of knowledge about hepatitis B before the diagnosis (name of the disease, modes of transmission, signs, treatment, and prevention) influenced the therapeutic choice. For 16 patients, screening and vaccination of their entourage remained problematic; they do not have the financial resources for the screening and vaccination of their relatives. Moreover, it was difficult for them to make their relatives understand the interest of being screened and vaccinated because patients' entourages do not feel sick. To break the transmission, some patients prefer unofficial prevention methods. The significant costs related to medical follow-up (medical examinations and treatments) are entirely at the patient's own expense. Conclusions The low political commitment to hepatitis B in Madagascar leads to the inexistence of care policy and specific actions in terms of prevention. These results underline the urgency of developing a national plan and better communication strategies for the prevention of this infection in Madagascar. Key messages This study highlights the lack of knowledge about hepatitis B and the difficulties in access to care and vaccination. Priority is to develop a communication tool to raise the awareness about hepatitis B.

de Loenzien Myriam et Mick Carola (2020) « La lutte contre le VIH/sida entre santé globale et spécificités nationales : les campagnes d’affichage au Viêt Nam », Revue internationale de politique comparée, 27 (1), p. 71. DOI : 10.3917/ripc.271.0071. http://www.cairn.info/revue-internationale-de-politique-comparee-2020-1-page-71.htm?ref=doi.

Résumé : Les politiques de lutte contre l’épidémie VIH/sida ont été marquées par une internationalisation croissante depuis le milieu des années 1980. Au Viêt Nam, elles ont été rattachées à la politique des « fléaux sociaux » (tệ nạn xã hội) avant un changement radical intervenu au début des années 2000. Cette période, marquée par l’augmentation rapide de la prévalence et par conséquent l’intensification de la lutte contre l’épidémie a amené le Parti communiste au pouvoir et l’État à favoriser une plus grande participation sociale des personnes séropositives et de leurs proches, en conformité avec les normes internationales. Ces postures successives sont visibles dans les campagnes d’affichage dans l’espace public. L’analyse sémiologique de 43 de ces affiches montre que les deux types d’orientation suivis, répressif puis plus participatif, sont associés à des langages visuels différents, avec des références à des codes internationaux versus des contenus plus spécifiques à une culture locale. La trace visuelle des politiques publiques successives menées contre l’épidémie est particulièrement claire en raison de la radicalité du changement, conjuguée à un maintien des messages précédents dans le champ visuel de l’espace public. Les contradictions et divergences résultant de cette polyphonie visuelle sont symptomatiques d’une tension entre deux tendances caractéristiques des policy transfers au Viêt Nam : d’une part, un souci d’intégration économique et politique dans un contexte international contraint, d’autre part la volonté d’affirmation d’une souveraineté nationale. Ces deux postures se traduisent par la conformation à une orientation générale qui conditionne les soutiens apportés par les agences multilatérales et bilatérales, mais n’excluent pas le maintien d’idiosyncrasies, mettant en évidence des messages contrastés.

de Montclos Marc-Antoine Pérouse (2020) « The Nigerian Military Response to Boko Haram: A Critical Analysis », African Conflict & Peacebuilding Review, 10 (2), p. 65-82. DOI : 10.2979/africonfpeacrevi.10.2.04. https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/3/article/778285.

Résumé : Abstract:, This article presents a critical analysis of the Nigerian military response to Boko Haram. It first debunks the current narratives of a global jihad to show that the local dynamics of an asymmetric war are more important to explain properly the resilience of insurgents. It then explores some of the causes that help understanding the prolongation of hostilities, especially the structural weakness of the military. The body count of the dirty war against Boko Haram reveals that the Nigerian security forces played no small role in killing civilians, hence the necessity to think about alternatives to military repression.

DeBeaudrap Pierre, Beninguisse Gervais, Mouté Charles, Temgoua Carolle Dongmo, Kayiro Pierre Claver, Nizigiyimana Vénérand, Pasquier Estelle, Zerbo Aida, Barutwanayo Emery, Niyondiko Dominique et Ndayishimiye Nicolas (2020) « The multidimensional vulnerability of people with disability to HIV infection: Results from the handiSSR study in Bujumbura, Burundi », EClinicalMedicine (août), p. 100477. DOI : 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100477. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2589537020302212.

Résumé : Dans les contextes à ressources limitées, les données disponibles indiquent que les personnes handicapées sont touchées de manière disproportionnée par l'épidémie de VIH. Bien que l'invalidité résultant d'une infection chronique à VIH ait fait l'objet d'une certaine attention, peu d'études épidémiologiques ont examiné la vulnérabilité des personnes handicapées à l'acquisition du VIH. Les objectifs de l'étude étaient les suivants: estimer et comparer la prévalence du VIH parmi les personnes avec et sans handicap vivant à Bujumbura, au Burundi; d'examiner comment l'interaction entre le handicap, le sexe et l'environnement socio-économique façonne la vulnérabilité au VIH; et d'identifier les voies potentielles vers un risque plus élevé de VIH. Méthodes Dans cette étude transversale basée sur la population, 623 personnes handicapées (302 avec un début d'incapacité ≤10 ans [«handicap précoce»]) et 609 personnes sans incapacité appariées pour l'âge, le sexe et le lieu ont été sélectionnées au hasard pour être testées pour le VIH et de participer à une entrevue sur leur histoire de vie, leur environnement social et leurs connaissances en santé sexuelle. Résultats Au total, 68% des hommes et 75% des femmes handicapées étaient touchés par la pauvreté multidimensionnelle contre 54% et 46% de leurs pairs non handicapés ( p <0,0001). Une prévalence plus élevée du VIH a été observée chez les femmes souffrant d'un handicap (12,1% [8,2-16]) que chez ceux sans (3,8% [1,7-6], OU un 3,8, p <0,0001), alors qu'il était similaire chez les hommes souffrant d'un handicap et les sans ( p = 0 · 8). Les femmes handicapées sont également plus à risque de violence sexuelle que celles ne (OU un 2.7, p<0,0001). La vulnérabilité des femmes ayant une incapacité précoce au VIH était plus élevée parmi celles qui étaient socialement isolées (prévalence du VIH dans ce groupe: 19% [12–27]). De plus, le niveau d'éducation et la violence sexuelle ont médié 53% de l'association entre le handicap précoce et le VIH ( p = 0,001). Interprétation Cette étude met en évidence comment l'intersection du handicap, du genre et de l'environnement social façonne la vulnérabilité au VIH. Il montre également que la vulnérabilité au VIH des femmes qui ont grandi avec un handicap est médiée par la violence sexuelle. Le financement Cette recherche a été financée par l'Organisation néerlandaise pour la recherche scientifique (subvention W08.560.005) et l'Initiative VIH-TB-Malaria (nouveau nom de l'organisation). Mots clés : Invalidité, VIH, Violence sexuelle, Le sexe, Intersection, Afrique subsaharienne

Desgrées du Loû Annabel (2020) « Les migrants dans l'épidémie : un temps d'épreuves cumulées », De facto, 18, p. 7-8.

Résumé : Dans l'urgence et le temps suspendu où nous avons tous pris place, ce numéro spécial de De facto s'est imposé à nous pour donner à voir ce que font aux immigrés le confinement et les bouleversements liés à l'épidémie de Covid-19. Dès le début du confinement, Didier Fassin, anthropologue, soulignait ' l'inégalité des vies en temps d'épidémie '. Les personnes en situation de migration font partie de ceux pour qui les temps d'épidémie sont des temps d'épreuves cumulées. L'hébergement groupé dans les centres de rétention et les campements de rue multiplie les risques sanitaires pour les migrants. Michel Agier en dresse un état des lieux et lance un appel au ' désencampement '. Quand on n'a pas de véritable ' chez soi ', le confinement accroît l'angoisse et l'inconfort comme le rapporte Annabel Desgrées du Loû à propos des femmes immigrées vivant en hôtel sociaux et en centres d'hébergement. En temps d'épidémie, l'étranger est trop facilement assimilé à la menace sanitaire. À partir d'une caricature parue en 1883 dans un journal satirique américain, Antonin Durand rappelle cette vieille histoire de la peur du migrant comme vecteur de diffusion des maladies et de la tentation de la xénophobie quand vient la crise. Pourtant, François Héran montre la très faible part que représentent les entrées de migrants dans la mobilité internationale vers la France, ce qui permet de tordre le coup à l'idée reçue que c'est par les migrants qu'arrivent les maladies. Simeng Wang nous propose une vidéo sur les discriminations vécues par les jeunes Chinois en janvier et février, avant que l'épidémie ne devienne une réalité mondiale. Et c'est bien parce que cette crise COVID-19 secoue tout le corps social que le conseil scientifique mis en place pour guider les autorités comprend deux chercheurs en sciences sociales. Parmi eux, Laetitia Atlani-Duault, fellow de l'Institut Migrations, a pris le temps de répondre à quelques questions posées par François Héran.

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

Desgrées du Loû Annabel (2020) « Etre confinée en hotel social ou en hébergement d'urgence », De facto, 18 (avril), p. 30-35. https://www.icmigrations.cnrs.fr/2020/04/07/defacto-018–03/.

Résumé : La situation actuelle est particulièrement angoissante et inconfortable pour les immigrées précaires, qui vivent en hôtel social ou en centre d’hébergement, souvent à plusieurs par chambre, sans un « lieu à soi » où se réfugier. D’autant plus lorsque l’accueil par les associations n’est plus possible.

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

Desjeux Dominique et Yang Xiaoming (2020) « Une approche anthropologique de la beauté en Chine : La Dynamique de la beauté du corps en Chine à travers l’étude des soins du corps et du maquillage entre 1997 et 2014 », Contemporary French and Francophone Studies, 24 (1) (janvier 1), p. 46-61. DOI : 10.1080/17409292.2020.1754688. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17409292.2020.1754688.

Résumé : France has long been the standard source of inspiration for traditional criteria of elegance and beauty for the whole world. In this article, a French anthropologist looks at China’s recent emergence in this field. In 1980, the cosmetics market was non-existent in China; in 2019, it became the world’s largest market. Beauty (care of the body, skin, face, hair, neck, hands, and nails) has been used as a marker for changes in that society for fifty years. Conceptions of beauty are used to analyze the variation of aesthetic standards, the place of the collective in relation to the individual, the position of women in Chinese society, the importance of practices marking social class distinction or evolving tensions between generations. The beauty market is both the result of lifestyle changes (especially the rise of divorce, new social stratification, intercultural mixing, life transformations cycle stages) and the establishment of a double logistics system. Public logistics allow the supply and marketing of cosmetics in shopping centers. Private logistics, those of bathrooms and the arrival of running water and electricity in urban housing, make it possible for Chinese women to use makeup and body products. This analysis shows that although beauty has an individual and intimate dimension, it also has a strong political and collective dimension. Beauty combines conformity with transgression. Keywords: Beauty, market changes, consumption, Cultural Revolution, China, social conditions

Diallo Alhassane, Diallo Boubacar Djelo, Camara Lansana Mady, Kounoudji Lucrèce Ahouéfa Nadège, Bah Boubacar, N’Zabintawali Fulgence, Carlos-Bolumbu Miguel, Diallo Mamadou Hassimiou et Sow Oumou Younoussa (2020) « Different profiles of body mass index variation among patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a retrospective cohort study », BMC Infectious Diseases, 20 (1). DOI : 10.1186/s12879-020-05028-0. https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-020-05028-0.

Résumé : Contexte Malgré le rôle prédictif de la variation du poids corporel dans les résultats du traitement dans la tuberculose multirésistante (TB-MR), peu de données corroborantes sont disponibles. Nous avons étudié la variation de poids chez les patients atteints de TB-MR pour identifier les groupes de changement de poids et déterminer les facteurs qui influencent ces changements. Les méthodes Nous avons analysé les patients présentant une résistance à la rifampicine qui ont été traités par un schéma thérapeutique contre la TB-MR entre le 7 juin 2016 et le 22 juin 2018 dans trois grands centres de TB résistants aux médicaments en Guinée. Les patients ont été vus tous les mois jusqu'à la fin du traitement. Le résultat clinique était l'indice de masse corporelle (IMC). Nous avons utilisé un modèle mixte linéaire pour analyser les trajectoires de l'IMC et un modèle mixte de classe latente pour identifier les groupes de trajectoires de l'IMC. Résultats Sur 232 patients traités pour TB-MR au cours de la période d'étude, 165 ont été analysés. Ces patients ont eu un total de 1 387 visites, avec une médiane de 5 visites (intervalle interquartile, 3 à 8 visites). L'IMC mensuel était de 0,24 (SE 0,02) par kg / m 2 . Les facteurs associés à une progression plus rapide de l'IMC étaient le succès du traitement de la TB-MR (0,24 [SE 0,09] par kg / m 2 ; p = 0,0205) et l'absence de cavités pulmonaires aux rayons X (0,18 [0,06] par kg / m 2 ; p = 0,0068). Deux groupes de changement d'IMC ont été identifiés: augmentation rapide de l'IMC ( n = 121; 85%) et augmentation lente de l'IMC ( n = 22; 15%). Les patients du groupe à augmentation lente de l'IMC étaient principalement des femmes (68%) n'avaient aucun antécédent de traitement antituberculeux (41%), avaient une infection par le VIH positive (59%) et avaient une condition clinique plus sévère au départ, caractérisée par une fréquence plus élevée des symptômes, dont la dépression (18%), la dyspnée (68%), une mauvaise observance du traitement contre la TB-MR (64%), une numération plaquettaire plus faible et un SGOT plus élevé. Ces patients ont également eu un temps de conversion de culture plus long (test du log-rank: p = 0,0218). Conclusion Les données quantitatives de l'IMC sur les patients atteints de TB-MR traités avec un régime court ont permis d'identifier des sous-groupes de patients avec différentes trajectoires d'IMC et ont souligné l'utilité de l'IMC en tant que biomarqueur pour le suivi des résultats du traitement de la TB-MR.

Duchesne Véronique (2020) « Un film de recherche : différents publics, différents formats - Various Audiences, Various Formats », Anthropologie et Santé, 21 (novembre 30). DOI : 10.4000/anthropologiesante.7527. http://journals.openedition.org/anthropologiesante/7527.

Résumé : This text raises the question of the lack of definition of editorial frameworks for the diffusion of films made by anthropologists. To this end, it examines four projection-receptions of the author's film Des racines, une loi, dealing with the institutionalization of traditional medicine in Cote d'Ivoire. The aim is to show how a research film is perceived by different audiences, beyond the anthropological research issues that the anthropologist-video maker has chosen to put into images and sounds. The screenings in front of different audiences thus offer the starting point for an anthropo-filmic reflexive approach by looking at the receptions and even social uses of the film beyond the initial scientific project.

Dumont Alexandre, Betrán Ana Pilar, Kaboré Charles, de Loenzien Myriam, Lumbiganon Pisake, Bohren Meghan A., Mac Quoc Nhu Hung, Opiyo Newton, Carroli Guillermo, Annerstedt Kristi Sidney, Ridde Valery, Escuriet Ramón, Robson Michael, Hanson Claudia et The QUALI-DEC research group (2020) « Implementation and evaluation of nonclinical interventions for appropriate use of cesarean section in low- and middle-income countries: protocol for a multisite hybrid effectiveness-implementation type III trial », Implementation Science, 15 (1) (décembre). DOI : 10.1186/s13012-020-01029-4. https://implementationscience.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13012-020-01029-4.

Résumé : Background While cesarean sections (CSs) are a life-saving intervention, an increasing number are performed without medical reasons in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Unnecessary CS diverts scarce resources and thereby reduces access to healthcare for women in need. Argentina, Burkina Faso, Thailand, and Vietnam are committed to reducing unnecessary CS, but many individual and organizational factors in healthcare facilities obstruct this aim. Nonclinical interventions can overcome these barriers by helping providers improve their practices and supporting women’s decision-making regarding childbirth. Existing evidence has shown only a modest effect of single interventions on reducing CS rates, arguably because of the failure to design multifaceted interventions effectively tailored to the context. The aim of this study is to design, adapt, and test a multifaceted intervention for the appropriate use of CS in Argentina, Burkina Faso, Thailand, and Vietnam. Methods We designed an intervention (QUALIty DECision-making—QUALI-DEC) with four components: (1) opinion leaders at heathcare facilities to improve adherence to best practices among clinicians, (2) CS audits and feedback to help providers identify potentially avoidable CS, (3) a decision analysis tool to help women make an informed decision on the mode of birth, and (4) companionship to support women during labor. QUALI-DEC will be implemented and evaluated in 32 hospitals (8 sites per country) using a pragmatic hybrid effectiveness-implementation design to test our implementation strategy, and information regarding its impact on relevant maternal and perinatal outcomes will be gathered. The implementation strategy will involve the participation of women, healthcare professionals, and organizations and account for the local environment, needs, resources, and social factors in each country. Discussion There is urgent need for interventions and implementation strategies to optimize the use of CS while improving health outcomes and satisfaction in LMICs. This can only be achieved by engaging all stakeholders involved in the decision-making process surrounding birth and addressing their needs and concerns. The study will generate robust evidence about the effectiveness and the impact of this multifaceted intervention. It will also assess the acceptability and scalability of the intervention and the capacity for empowerment among women and providers alike.

Dumont Alexandre et Guilmoto Christophe Z. (2020) « Trop et pas assez à la fois Le double fardeau de la césarienne », Population & Sociétés, INED, 581 (septembre).

Résumé : Le taux de césarienne varie de 1 % à 58 % dans le monde. Il est particulièrement bas, en deçà de 5 %, dans des pays peu développés d’Afrique subsaharienne comme le Mali (2 %), le Nigéria (3 %) et le Congo (5 %). À l’opposé, il dépasse les 30 % dans des pays européens comme Chypre (57 %), la Géorgie (41 %), la Roumanie (40 %) ou l’Italie (35 %). Il est très élevé aussi en Amérique latine qui a une longue histoire d’accouchements par césarienne. La République dominicaine arrive en tête avec 58 %, suivie notamment par le Brésil (55 %), le Chili (50 %) et l’Équateur (49 %).

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

El Abid Ghislaine et Meyer Jean-Baptiste (2020) « Maroc : la bi-citoyenneté à l’épreuve du confinement », Politique Africaine (septembre 11), p. 5p. (Le Carnet de la revue). https://polaf.hypotheses.org/6907.

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

Elvira Laura Ruiz De (2020) « Damascus Christian associations. Discreet loyalty, “happiness” and a “life that goes on” despite the war », Les Cahiers d'EMAM, 32 (mai 4). DOI : 10.4000/emam.2727. https://hal.science/hal-04151893.

Snapshot (source)

Etard Jean-François, Vanhems Philippe, Atlani-Duault Laëtitia et Ecochard René (2020) « Potential lethal outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) among the elderly in retirement homes and long-term facilities, France, March 2020 », Eurosurveillance, 25 (15) (avril), p. 2000448. DOI : 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.15.2000448. https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.15.2000448#figuresntables.

Résumé : Reports from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak in China identified older age as a predictor of severity and mortality [1]. A retrospective analysis of individual case data from China and elsewhere showed a very strong age gradient in the infection fatality ratio (IFR) and case fatality ratio (CFR) [2]. In France, as at 15 March 2020, people older than 75 years accounted for 20% of the confirmed cases but 79% of the deaths [3]. Cardiovascular diseases, hypertension and diabetes mellitus were the comorbidities most frequently associated with COVID-19, and many patients died of their original comorbidities [4,5]. All these comorbidities are highly common among dependent elderly people housed in institutions. Using simple calculation, we present here the impact of several worst-case scenarios in French institutions.

Fauconnier Arnaud, Provot Johan, Le Creff Isabelle, Boulkedid Rym, Vendittelli Françoise, Doret-Dion Muriel, Sroussi Jérémy, Giraudet Géraldine, Jacobs Romain, Bourret Antoine, Bauville Estelle, Carvalho Solenn, Tourette Claire, Koskas Martin, Akladios Chérif, Nisolle Michelle, Lejeune Christophe, Huchon Cyrille, Alberti Corinne, Dumont Alexandre et Bouvier-Colle Marie-Hélène (2020) « A Framework Proposal for Quality and Safety Measurement in Gynecologic Emergency Care », Obstetrics & Gynecology, 136 (5), p. 912-921. DOI : 10.1097/AOG.0000000000004132. https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/AOG.0000000000004132.

Résumé : OBJECTIVE: To define and assess the prevalence of potentially life-threatening gynecologic emergencies among women presenting for acute pelvic pain for the purpose of developing measures to audit quality of care in emergency departments. METHODS: We conducted a mixed-methods multicenter study at gynecologic emergency departments in France and Belgium. A modified Delphi procedure was first conducted in 2014 among health care professionals to define relevant combinations of potentially life-threatening conditions and near misses in the field of gynecologic emergency care. A prospective case-cohort study in the spring of 2015 then assessed the prevalence of these potentially life-threatening emergencies and near misses among women of reproductive age presenting for acute pelvic pain. Women in the case group were identified at 21 participating centers. The control group consisted of a sample of women hospitalized for acute pelvic pain not caused by a potentially life-threatening condition and a 10% random sample of outpatients. RESULTS: Eight gynecologic emergencies and 17 criteria for near misses were identified using the Delphi procedure. Among the 3,825 women who presented for acute pelvic pain, 130 (3%) were considered to have a potentially life-threatening condition. The most common diagnoses were ectopic pregnancies with severe bleeding (n=54; 42%), complex pelvic inflammatory disease (n=30; 23%), adnexal torsion (n=20; 15%), hemorrhagic miscarriage (n=15; 12%), and severe appendicitis (n=6; 5%). The control group comprised 225 hospitalized women and 381 outpatients. Diagnostic errors occurred more frequently among women with potentially life-threatening emergencies than among either hospitalized (odds ratio [OR] 1.7, 95% CI 1.1-2.7) or outpatient (OR 14.7, 95% CI 8.1-26.8) women in the control group. Of the women with potentially life-threatening conditions, 26 met near-miss criteria compared with six with not potentially life-threatening conditions (OR 25.6, 95% CI 10.9-70.7). CONCLUSIONS: Potentially life-threatening gynecologic emergencies are high-risk conditions that may serve as a useful framework to improve quality and safety in emergency care.

Texte intégral 384.6 kio (source)

Fillol Amandine, Kadio Kadidiatou et Gautier Lara (2020) « L’utilisation des connaissances pour informer des politiques publiques : d’une prescription technocratique internationale à la réalité politique des terrains », Revue francaise des affaires sociales, 4, p. 103-127. DOI : 10.3917/rfas.204.0103. https://www.cairn.info/revue-francaise-des-affaires-sociales-2020-4-page-103.htm.

Résumé : Le fait d’utiliser des connaissances explicites pour informer les décisions politiques est de plus en plus encouragé au niveau international, notamment par le mouvement d’information des politiques par les données probantes (evidence-informed policy making). Si la valeur sous-jacente à ce mouvement est de rationaliser le processus politique, les recherches en sciences sociales ont depuis longtemps permis d’observer que les connaissances sont des objets sociaux, dépendants des contextes politiques et économiques. L’objectif de notre analyse est de décrire à partir de trois études de cas (les politiques de protection sociale au Burkina Faso, une stratégie de transfert de connaissances sur les politiques de gratuité au Niger et la diffusion du financement basé sur la performance au Mali), comment ces connaissances, peuvent orienter la formulation des politiques publiques. Ces trois études de cas nous permettent d’observer que nous sommes loin des connaissances explicites comme vectrices de neutralité, de transparence et de reddition des comptes. Alors que la santé et la protection sociale sont des sujets prenant de plus en plus d’importance sur la scène globale, nous observons que l’utilisation des connaissances scientifiques ou de l’expertise est sensible aux intérêts, orientée par les institutions, et influencée par la mondialisation.

Fillol Amandine et Ridde Valéry (2020) « Gouvernance globale et utilisation des connaissances pour l’action: », Revue francophone de recherche sur le transfert et l’utilisation des connaissances, 4 (2) (décembre 1). DOI : 10.18166/tuc.2020.4.2.15. https://revue-tuc.ca/index.php/accueil/article/view/15.

Mots-clés : action collective, connaissances explicites, gouvernance globale, Interdisciplinarité.

Publications des membres du Ceped

2020

Article de revue

Flux

Outils internes