Références bibliographiques

For The New Antiretroviral and Monitoring Strategies in HIV-infected Adults in Low-Income Countries (NAMSAL) ANRS 12313 Study Group, Bousmah Marwân-al-Qays, Nishimwe Marie Libérée, Tovar-Sanchez Tamara, Lantche Wandji Martial, Mpoudi-Etame Mireille, Maradan Gwenaëlle, Omgba Bassega Pierrette, Varloteaux Marie, Montoyo Alice, Kouanfack Charles, Delaporte Eric et Boyer Sylvie (2020) « Cost-Utility Analysis of a Dolutegravir-Based Versus Low-Dose Efavirenz-Based Regimen for the Initial Treatment of HIV-Infected Patients in Cameroon (NAMSAL ANRS 12313 Trial) », PharmacoEconomics (décembre 23). DOI : 10.1007/s40273-020-00987-3. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s40273-020-00987-3.

Fresneau Jérôme et Gautier Lara (2020) « À la croisée des chemins : le jeune chercheur entre désir d’interdisciplinarité et ancrage monodisciplinaire », Encyclo. Revue de l'école doctorale Science des sociétés (ED 624), 11 (juillet 22), p. 9-15. https://hal-univ-paris.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02900683.

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

Gautier Lara, Casseus Thierry, Blanc Judite et Cloos Patrick (2020) « What links can be made from narratives of migration and self-perceived health? A qualitative study with Haitian migrants settling in Quebec after the 2010 Haiti earthquake », Journal of Migration and Health, 1-2 (décembre 15), p. 100017. DOI : 10.1016/j.jmh.2020.100017. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666623520300179.

Résumé : In January 2010, Haiti was hit by a terrible earthquake that pushed thousands of people to migrate. Many of them chose to settle in Quebec, Canada. Years after the earthquake, many Haitians continue to migrate to the Quebec province. Several studies however have shown that this population's socioeconomic status is lower than the provincial average. Given the potential multiple stressors that affect Haitian migrants in Quebec, there are concerns about their health status. Located at the intersection of international migration studies and global public health, this paper offers an in-depth qualitative investigation of Haitian migrants’ representations of both their situation and self-perceived health in Montreal, Quebec. Our perspective on migrant health was inspired by the World Health Organisation's framework on the social determinants of health and recent studies in the field of migrant health. We collected and analysed qualitative data from 23 key informants (i.e., 12 women and 11 men, aged 21–76 years old) from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds. The analysis of the data from these people's narratives revealed the importance of structural determinants such as social position, and intermediate determinants such as living and working conditions. Our analysis also highlighted several interrelations between those determinants. Specifically, participants reported coping with issues related to migration status, income, occupation, language, challenging living and working conditions, and chronic stress. This study also shows that racism and social support each relate to both the structural and intermediate levels of the social determinants of health. The importance of social support brought by relatives, friends, as well as community-based organisations and religious practice, was underscored. Our findings were coherent with available literature looking at the determinants of health of racialized and migrant minorities in other high-income regions of the world. Our conclusive remarks featured reflections on three cross-cutting issues and their practical implications for policy and practices.

Mots-clés : Canada, Earthquake, Haiti, Migrant health, Montreal, Qualitative research, Quebec, Racism, Social determinants of health.

Gautier Lara, De Allegri Manuela et Ridde Valéry (2020) « Transnational Networks’ Contribution to Health Policy Diffusion: A Mixed Method Study of the PerformanceBased Financing Community of Practice in Africa », International Journal of Health Policy and Management (avril 27). DOI : 10.34172/ijhpm.2020.57. https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3796.html.

Résumé : Background: Transnational networks such as Communities of Practice (CoPs) are flourishing, yet their role in diffusing health systems reforms has been seldom investigated. Over the past decade, performance-based financing (PBF) has rapidly spread in Africa. This study explores how, through the PBF Community of Practice’s attributes, structure, and strategies, PBF diffusion was fostered in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Methods: Informed by the diffusion entrepreneurs’ (DEs) framework dimensions, we used a mixed methods convergent design to investigate how the attributes, structure, and strategies of this community fostered the diffusion of PBF. The quantitative strand of work included firstly a semantic discourse analysis of textual data extracted from CoP’s online discussion forum (n=1346 posts). Secondly, the relational data extracted from these 1346 forum posts was examined using social network analysis (SNA). We confronted these quantitative results with a thematic analysis of qualitative interviews (n=40) and data extracted from the CoP’s key documentation (n=17). Results: CoP members’ attributes included: representation systems anchored in clinical and economic sciences, strong expectations that the CoP would boost professional visibility and career, and significant health systems knowledge and social resources. The CoP’s core group, dominated by high-income country (HIC) members, critically matched PBF principles to major health systems issues in Africa. The broad consensus in online PBF thematic discussions created a strong sense of community, a breeding ground for emulation among CoP members. The CoP also sought to produce and promote experiential knowledge exchanges about PBF amongst African practitioners. Findings from network analyses showed that the promoted Africa-driven community was led by HIC members, although their prominence tended to decrease with time. Conclusion: This empirical research highlighted some of the constituting features, structure, and strategies of policy networks in influencing health policy diffusion. Despite good intentions to disrupt the established governance landscape, influential actors coming from HICs continued to drive the framing, and shaped health systems policy experimentation, emulation, and learning in African countries. Beyond mere knowledge exchange platforms, CoP can act as meaningful transnational policy networks pursuing the diffusion of health systems reforms, such as PBF. Keywords: Transnational Policy Networks, Communities of Practice, Social Network Analysis, Semantic Analysis, Performance-Based Financing, Sub-Saharan Africa

Gautier Lara, Karambé Youssouf, Dossou Jean-Paul et Samb Oumar Mallé (2020) « Rethinking development interventions through the lens of decoloniality in sub-Saharan Africa: The case of global health », Global Public Health (décembre 8), p. 1-14. DOI : 10.1080/17441692.2020.1858134. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17441692.2020.1858134.

Résumé : There has been much talk about decolonizing global health lately. The movement, which has arisen in various communities around the world, suggests an interesting critique of the Western dominant model of representations. Building upon the ‘decolonial thinking’ movement from the perspective of Francophone African philosophers, we comment on its potential for inspiring the field of global healthinterventions. Using existing literature and personal reflections, we reflect on two widely known illustrations of global health interventions implemented in sub-Saharan Africa – distribution of contraceptives and dissemination of Ebola virus prevention and treatment devices – featuring different temporal backdrops. We show how these solutions have most often targeted the superficial dimensions of global health problems, sidestepping the structures and mental models that shape the actions and reactions of African populations. Lastly, we question the ways through which the decolonial approach might indeed offer a credible positioning for rethinking global health interventions.

Mots-clés : decoloniality, development interventions, Global health, sub-Saharan Africa.

Gautier Lara et Quesnel-Vallée A. (2020) « Health and social needs of unprotected unaccompanied minors in Paris in the context of COVID-19 », European Journal of Public Health, 30 (Supplement_5) (septembre 1). DOI : 10.1093/eurpub/ckaa166.296. https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/article/doi/10.1093/eurpub/ckaa166.296/5915121.

Résumé : Background Unaccompanied minors (UMs) are children under 18 settling in foreign countries without the care of a guardian. Host countries' governments are responsible for the care of UMs. In France, UMs theoretically receive child protection. However, assessment systems frequently deny their protection because of minority status rejection. As a result, they navigate through social precarity and have limited access to healthcare services. In Paris, the non-governmental organisation Médecins du Monde (MdM) offers them medico-psycho-social care. In March 2020, lockdown measures to contain COVID-19 further reduced unprotected UMs' access to social and healthcare services. This critical situation prompted MdM to adapt their care provision to the pandemic. In this research, we sought answers to the following research question: what were unprotected UMs' social and healthcare needs during lockdown and what was MdM's response? Methods First, we estimate the evolution of social and healthcare needs of a cohort of 58 unprotected UMs during the eight-week lockdown using secondary data. Second, using interview data with MdM volunteers and staff (n = 15) we further explore UMs' needs and document the experience of phone consultations with this cohort of UMs. Preliminary Results Time series show a constant increase of UMs' needs through time. MdM's new form of care provision may have contributed to alleviate their feeling of isolation. It also had unintended consequences. Conclusions In light of the alarming healthcare status of unprotected UMs, we recommend that France implements the public health authorities' recommendation to provide appropriate shelter to UMs regardless of their status, at least during health crises.

Gautier Lara, Spagnolo Jessica et Quesnel-Vallée Amélie (2020) « Comment favoriser la communication thérapeutique avec une population vulnérable ?: Des approches et des outils pour les professionnels prenant en charge les mineurs non accompagnés », Migrations Société, N°181 (3), p. 121. DOI : 10.3917/migra.181.0121. http://www.cairn.info/revue-migrations-societe-2020-3-page-121.htm?ref=doi.

Résumé : En France, les mineurs non accompagnés (mna) rencontrent de multiples obstacles qui peuvent avoir des effets négatifs sur leur santé mentale. Les professionnels de la santé et du social qui participent à leur prise en charge doivent développer et mettre en œuvre des approches et outils adaptés aux réalités des mna et qui leur offrent un espace d’interactions le plus ouvert possible. À partir d’une revue de littérature, nous proposons dans cet article de dresser un état des lieux de la santé mentale des mna et d’identifier les approches ainsi que les outils développés et mis en œuvre par les professionnels qui visent à favoriser la communication et l’expression des mna (notamment l’approche interculturelle, le travail en interdisciplinarité, l’art-thérapie). Nous formulons en conclusion plusieurs pistes de réflexion à l’endroit des professionnels et des pouvoirs publics qui travaillent avec ce jeune public migrant.

Gosselin Anne, Coulibaly Karna, Ravalihasy Andrainolo, Carillon Séverine, Ridde Valéry, Derche Nicolas, Mbiribindi Romain et Desgrees du Loû Annabel (2020) « Finding the missing link: when community-based outreach in public space is key to engage migrants in health prevention programmes in Paris, France », J Epidemiol Community Health (avril 28). DOI : 10.1136/jech-2019-213394. https://jech.bmj.com/content/early/2020/04/29/jech-2019-213394.

Résumé : Background One of the classic challenges for prevention programmes is reaching the populations they serve. In France, a substantial number of African migrants living with HIV acquired their infection after migrating. The aim of this paper is to better understand the characteristics of the population reached by a community-based outreach approach. Methods We compared sociodemographic characteristics across three different groups in the Paris greater area: (1) the general African migrant population (Population census), (2) the African migrant population using either the regular healthcare system or the system for vulnerable populations (PARCOURS Survey) and (3) the African migrant population reached through a community-based mobile unit (Afrique Avenir). Comparisons were conducted according to sex, age, region of origin, duration of residence and occupational and legal statuses using χ2 tests. Results The migrants reached by the mobile unit were mostly men (69%), 52% of whom were younger than 35 years old. They more often lived in precarious situations than did the general sub-Saharan population (49% vs 35% were unemployed, respectively, p<0.001) and the ones accessing the regular healthcare system. Fewer of them lived in precarious situations than did migrants seeking healthcare consultations for vulnerable populations (42% in the mobile unit vs 54% in healthcare consultations were undocumented, p<0.028). Conclusion Our study shows that the outreach approach can constitute a missing link in the prevention chain among sub-Saharan African migrants, reaching a group that differs from the general migrant population and from the migrant population in healthcare services—not only the newly arrived migrants who live in more precarious situations but also those who have been in France for several years and are still affected by social hardship.

Mots-clés : community-based organisations, HIV/aids, migrants, outreach, prevention.

Gosselin Anne, Daly Alison, El Zaemey Sonia, Fritschi Lin, Glass Deborah, Perez Elena Ronda et Reid Alison (2020) « Does exposure to workplace hazards cluster by occupational or sociodemographic characteristics? An analysis of foreign‐born workers in Australia », American Journal of Industrial Medicine (juin 23). DOI : 10.1002/ajim.23146. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajim.23146.

Résumé : Background Disparities in exposure to occupational hazards may be linked to social position as well as the type of job a person holds. This study aimed to describe the prevalence of exposure to workplace hazards among three migrant worker groups and to assess whether social disparities in exposure for these groups remain after adjusting for occupational characteristics. Methods Data were collected in 2017/2018 from 1630 Australian workers born in New Zealand, India, and the Philippines. Weighted estimated prevalence of exposure to 10 carcinogens and four psychosocial hazards (discrimination, job strain, vulnerability, and insecurity) was calculated for sociodemographics and occupation. Regression estimated the likelihood of exposure by sociodemographics after adjustment for occupational characteristics. Results Exposure to workplace hazards ranged from 11.7% (discrimination) to 61.2% (exposed to at least one carcinogen). Compared with workers born in India, New Zealand born workers were over twice as likely to be exposed to diesel engine exhaust (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.60) and 60% more likely to be exposed to at least one carcinogen (aOR = 1.60) but less likely to be exposed to any psychosocial hazard. Social disparities by country of birth, sex, age, education, and number of years in Australia, as well as company size, employment type, and hours, worked remained associated with greater likelihood of reporting one or more workplace hazards after adjusting for occupational characteristics.

Goudet Jean-Marc (2020) « La circulation des enfants au sein du champ médico-scolaire local dans un quartier populaire en France », Lien social et Politiques, 85, p. 192-210. DOI : 10.7202/1073748ar. https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/lsp/2020-n85-lsp05691/1073748ar/.

Résumé : Comment expliquer les hétérogénéités de trajectoires médico-scolaires d’enfants scolarisés au sein d’un quartier populaire de métropole dans la France contemporaine ? La régulation des populations enfantines ne se ferait plus uniquement par le contrôle des familles, mais par la prise en compte des critères biomédicaux individuels qui a pour corollaire une production de nouvelles catégories enfantines et le développement d’un marché paramédical libéral. Cela concorde avec l’émergence des « troubles des apprentissages », qui explosent depuis les années 2000 en écho aux lois relatives au handicap et à l’inclusion scolaire. À partir d’une enquête ethnographique menée de 2017 à 2019 dans les institutions médico-scolaires d’un quartier de métropole, cet article montre l’articulation des paradigmes neuroscientifiques et du déterminisme parental chez les professionnels, les parents, ainsi que leurs effets sur les trajectoires enfantines. Les stratégies parentales, enfantines et professionnelles sont analysées à partir d’études de cas d’enfants, et en croisant des matériaux issus des données d’observation en cabinet d’orthophonie et dans un centre de médecine scolaire avec des entretiens réalisés auprès des mères. Cet article met en évidence deux principaux résultats, d’une part l’extension du paradigme neuroscientifique au champ de l’enfance et de la scolarité avec la création d’un « champ médico-scolaire local », et d’autre part l’émergence d’une « nouvelle hygiène scolaire » construite à partir des normes biomédicales et des critères scolaires. Cette circulation de populations enfantines témoigne du processus de tri lié à la production de nouvelles catégories médico-scolaires qui influencent de manière inédite les trajectoires médico-scolaires dans un contexte d’injonction à la réussite scolaire.

Mots-clés : déterminisme parental, hygiène scolaire, learning disabilities, neuroscientific paradigm, orthophonie, paradigme neuroscientifique, parental determinism, school hygiene, speech therapy, troubles des apprentissages.

Grysole Amélie et Bonnet Doris, ss la dir. de (2020) « Introduction au thème. Observer les mobilités sociales : l’investissement migratoire des familles », Politique africaine, 159 (3), 7 p. DOI : 10.3917/polaf.159.0007. http://www.cairn.info/revue-politique-africaine-2020-3-page-7.htm?ref=doi.

Résumé : La construction de ce dossier qui porte sur les mobilités spatiales et sociales des familles a été nourrie par le renouveau de l’approche par les classes sociales dans la sociologie générale  et la place qu’a (re)prise ce paradigme dans les études africaines, notamment autour du débat sur « l’émergence » des classes moyennes en Afrique·

Guidi Pierre (2020) « Autobiographies and the writing of women's history : the example of Hiwot Teffera's Tower in the Sky », Annales d'Éthiopie, 33 (Special Issue “Work in Ethiopia”), p. 217-231. DOI : 10.3406/ethio.2020.1697. https://cfee.hypotheses.org/7709.

Résumé : As archives, autobiographies allow analysis of the reciprocal relations between individuals, broader social groups, social structures, and contexts. For decades they have served as valuable sources for feminist historians. They uncover voices often silenced or distorted in institutional archives and historical works. Moreover, autobiographies make it possible to study how gendered structures work and how power relations are experienced and possibly manipulated by women. The several autobiographies recently published by former activists of the Ethiopian revolution are essential sources for historians' understanding of the mechanisms of participation in the revolutionary movement. Drawing on selected themes from Hiwot Teffera's famous work, Tower in the Sky, this article questions the intensity of the student generation of the 1970s' revolutionary commitment and the gendered dimensions of activism. To do so, it focuses on social relations such as love and the ways of belonging to a group, on the rational and emotional drivers of engagement, and on the gendered division of activist work. Lastly, it defends the relevance of autobiography as a multilayered archive that is particularly suitable for the analysis of intricate processes.

Guidi Pierre (2020) « Enseigner l’histoire à l’heure de l’ébranlement colonial. Soudan, Égypte et empire britannique (1943–1960): by Iris Seri-Hersch, Paris, IISMM/Karthala, 2018, 384 pp., €29 (paperback), ISBN: 978-2-8111-1970-6. », Paedagogica Historica (avril 22), p. 1-2. DOI : 10.1080/00309230.2020.1742746. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00309230.2020.1742746.

Guiheux Gilles, Guo Ye, Hou Renyou, Laurent Manon, Li Jun et Ruinet Anne-Valerie (2020) « Working in China in the Covid-19 Era », Books & ideas (mai 25). https://booksandideas.net/Working-in-China-in-the-Covid-19-Era.html.

Résumé : China managed to maintain a certain amount of economic activity during the lockdown, but at what cost and under what conditions? This article highlights the regime's use of the media alongside the political and market logics specific to China. China shut down its factories, offices, shops and transport systems in late January 2020 in order to stop the spread of Covid-19, as result of which its population was strictly confined to their homes for weeks on end. In China, however, as has been (...)

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

Guiheux Gilles, Guo Ye, Hou Renyou, Laurent Manon, Li Jun et Ruinet Anne-Valerie (2020) « Travailler en Chine au temps du Covid-19 », La Vie des idées (mai 11). https://laviedesidees.fr/Travailler-en-Chine-au-temps-du-Covid-19.html.

Résumé : À quel prix et dans quelles conditions une partie de l'activité économique a-t-elle été maintenue lors du confinement en Chine ? Cet article met en lumière la mobilisation des médias par le régime, coexistant avec des logiques politiques et marchandes spécifiques de la Chine. À partir de la fin janvier 2020, pour stopper la diffusion du Covid-19, la Chine met à l'arrêt ses usines, ses bureaux, ses commerces et ses transports ; la population reste strictement cloîtrée chez elle pendant de longues (...)

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

Guilmoto Christophe Z., Chao Fengqing et Kulkarni Purushottam M. (2020) « On the estimation of female births missing due to prenatal sex selection », Population Studies, 74 (2) (mai 3), p. 283-289. DOI : 10.1080/00324728.2020.1762912. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00324728.2020.1762912.

Résumé : Cette note de recherche est inspirée par un article de Kashyap (La sélection prénatale du sexe est-elle associée à une mortalité infantile plus faible? Population Studies 73 (1): 57–78). L'article de Kashyap, qui fournit 40 estimations originales des naissances féminines manquantes, repose sur une autre définition des naissances féminines manquantes, conduisant à des estimations d'environ la moitié de l'ampleur des autres estimations. Il apparaît donc un réel besoin de faire le point sur le concept des naissances féminines manquantes largement utilisé par les statisticiens du monde entier pour évaluer les conséquences démographiques de la sélection prénatale du sexe. Cette note de recherche commence par un bref examen de l'histoire du concept et de la différence entre la méthode originale d'Amartya Sen et la méthode alternative trouvée ailleurs pour calculer les naissances féminines manquantes. Mots clés: sexe , naissances manquantes , estimation , Amartya Sen , sélection prénatale du sexe

Guilmoto Christophe Z. et Licart Thomas (2020) « India and coronavirus: lack of access to handwashing facilities among poor makes fight even harder », The Conversation (avril 1).

Résumé : 'Inde a instauré un verrouillage national le 24 mars dans l'espoir de freiner la propagation de la pandémie de coronavirus. Au début du mois d'avril 2020, le pays a enregistré plus de 1500 cas de COVID-19, la maladie associée au nouveau coronavirus, selon les dernières données disponibles . Ces chiffres se traduisent par des taux de prévalence étonnamment faibles par rapport au reste du monde en raison de l'arrivée tardive du virus. Mais il est possible que le scénario s'aggrave bien , alors que les experts avertissent que l'Inde est gravement menacée, notamment en raison de la vulnérabilité de son système de santé .

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

Havlir Diane, Lockman Shahin, Ayles Helen, Larmarange Joseph, Chamie Gabriel, Gaolathe Tendani, Iwuji Collins, Fidler Sarah, Kamya Moses, Floyd Sian, Moore Janet, Hayes Richard, Petersen Maya, Dabis Francois et on behalf of the (Universal Test, Treat Trials) UT3 Consortium (2020) « What do the Universal Test and Treat trials tell us about the path to HIV epidemic control? », Journal of the International AIDS Society, 23 (2). DOI : 10.1002/jia2.25455. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jia2.25455.

Résumé : Introduction Achieving HIV epidemic control globally will require new strategies to accelerate reductions in HIV incidence and mortality. Universal test and treat (UTT) was evaluated in four randomized population-based trials (BCPP/Ya Tsie, HPTN 071/PopART, SEARCH, ANRS 12249/TasP) conducted in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) during expanded antiretroviral treatment (ART) eligibility by World Health Organization guidelines and the UNAIDS 90-90-90 campaign. Discussion These three-year studies were conducted in Botswana, Zambia, Uganda, Kenya and South Africa in settings with baseline HIV prevalence from 4% to 30%. Key observations across studies were: (1) Universal testing (implemented via a variety of home and community-based testing approaches) achieved >90% coverage in all studies. (2) When coupled with robust linkage to HIV care, rapid ART start and patient-centred care, UTT achieved among the highest reported population levels of viral suppression in SSA. Significant gains in population-level viral suppression were made in regions with both low and high baseline population viral load; however, viral suppression gains were not uniform across all sub-populations and were lower among youth. (3) UTT resulted in marked reductions in community HIV incidence when universal testing and robust linkage were present. However, HIV elimination targets were not reached. In BCPP and HPTN 071, annualized HIV incidence was approximately 20% to 30% lower in the intervention (which included universal testing) compared to control arms (no universal testing). In SEARCH (where both arms had universal testing), incidence declined 32% over three years. (4) UTT reduced HIV associated mortality by 23% in the intervention versus control communities in SEARCH, a study in which mortality was comprehensively measured. Conclusions These trials provide strong evidence that UTT inclusive of universal testing increases population-level viral suppression and decreases HIV incidence and mortality faster than the status quo in SSA and should be adapted at a sub-country level as a public health strategy. However, more is needed, including integration of new prevention interventions into UTT, in order to reach UNAIDS HIV elimination targets.

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Hébert Catherine, Dagenais Christian, Mc Sween-Cadieux Esther et Ridde Valéry (2020) « Video as a public health knowledge transfer tool in Burkina Faso: A mixed evaluation comparing three narrative genres », éd. par Mary Hayden, PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 14 (6) (juin 10), p. e0008305. DOI : 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008305. https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008305.

Résumé : Background The dengue virus is endemic in many low- and middle-income countries. In Burkina Faso, the proportion of fevers that could be due to dengue is growing. In 2013, a dengue epidemic spread there, followed by other seasonal outbreaks. Dengue is often confused with malaria, and health workers are not trained to distinguish between them. Three training videos using different narrative genres were tested with nursing students from two institutions in Ouagadougou: journalistic, dramatic and animated video. The study aimed to determine if video is an effective knowledge transfer tool, if narrative genre plays a role in knowledge acquisition, and which narrative elements are the most appreciated. Methodology A mixed method research design was used. The relative effectiveness of the videos was verified through a quasi-experimental quantitative component with a comparison group and post-test measurements. A qualitative component identified participants’ perceptions regarding the three videos. Data were drawn from a knowledge test (n = 482), three focus groups with health professionals’ students (n = 46), and individual interviews with health professionals (n = 10). Descriptive statistics and single-factor variance analysis were produced. A thematic analysis was used to analyse qualitative data. Principal findings Results showed that all three videos led to significant rates of knowledge improvement when compared with the comparison group (p <0.05): 12.31% for the journalistic video, 20.58% for the dramatic video, and 18.91% for the animated video. The dramatic and animated videos produced a significantly higher increase in knowledge than did the journalistic video (with respectively 8.27% (p = 0.003) and 6.59% (p = 0.029) and can be considered equivalent with a difference of 1.68% (p = 0.895). Thematic analysis also revealed that these two videos were considered to be better knowledge transfer tools. Four key aspects are important to consider for a video to be effective: 1) transmitting information in a narrative form, 2) choosing good communicators, 3) creating a visual instrument that reinforces the message and 4) adapting the message to the local context. Conclusions Video has proven to be an effective and appreciated knowledge transfer and training tool for health professionals, but the narrative genre of the videos can influence knowledge acquisition. The production of other videos should be considered for training or updating health professionals and their narrative genre taken into consideration. The actual context of constant circulation of new diseases, such as COVID-19, reaffirms the need to train health professionals.

Howson Kelle, Ustek-Spilda Funda, Grohmann Rafael, Salem Nancy, Carelli Rodrigo, Abs Daniel, Salvagni Julice, Graham Mark, Albornoz Belén, Chavez Henry, Arriagada Arturo et Bonhomme Macarena (2020) « 'Just Because You Don’t See Your Boss, Doesn’t Mean You Don’t Have A Boss’: Covid-19 And Gig Worker Strikes Across Latin America », International Union Rights, 27 (3), p. 3-5. DOI : 10.14213/inteuniorigh.27.3.0020. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.14213/inteuniorigh.27.3.0020.

Inghels Maxime, Carillon Séverine, Desgrées du Loû Annabel et Larmarange Joseph (2020) « Effect of organizational models of provider-initiated testing and counseling (PITC) in health facilities on adult HIV testing coverage in sub-Saharan Africa », AIDS Care, 32 (2) (février 1), p. 163-169. DOI : 10.1080/09540121.2019.1626339. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.1626339.

Résumé : The purpose of this paper is to identify which Provider-Initiated HIV Testing and Counseling (PITC) organizational models are the most efficient to maximize testing coverage. We conducted a systematic literature review to identify published articles that evaluated routine PITC programs implemented in adult health facilities in Sub-Saharan Africa. We considered only articles measuring PITC offer, PITC acceptability and PITC coverage. Adjusted meta-regression models were performed to measure the association between PITC offer, acceptability and coverage with PITC organizational model. A total of 30 articles were included in the meta-analysis. Overall, 85.4% [95%CI: 77.2–93.5] of patients were offered a test, and 87.1% [82.4–91.7] accepted the test resulting in a PITC coverage of 74.3% [66–82.6]. Four types of PITC organizational models were identified: PITC initiated and performed during the consultation (model A), PITC initiated before consultation (model B), PITC referred on-site (model C) and PITC referred off-site (model D). Compared to model A, model B had a similar coverage (aOR: 1.02 [0.82–1.26]). However, coverage was lower for model C (aOR: 0.81 [0.68–0.97]) and model D (aOR: 0.58 [0.44–0.77]). Initiating the testing process before or during medical consultation is recommended for maximizing testing coverage among patients.

Mots-clés : HIV testing, organizational models, Provider initiated testing and counseling, Sub-Saharan Africa, testing cover.

Inghels Maxime, Kouassi Arsène Kra, Niangoran Serge, Bekelynck Anne, Carillon Séverine, Sika Lazare, Danel Christine, Kone Mariatou, Desgrées du Loû Annabel et Larmarange Joseph (2020) « Cascade of Provider-Initiated Human Immunodeficiency Virus Testing and Counselling at Specific Life Events (Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Infections, Marriage) in Côte dʼIvoire: », Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 47 (1) (janvier), p. 54-61. DOI : 10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001084. http://Insights.ovid.com/crossref?an=00007435-202001000-00012.

Résumé : BACKGROUND: Despite the implementation of Provider Initiated Testing and Counselling (PITC) in 2009, PITC coverage remains low in Cote d'Ivoire. The purpose of this study is to determine whether an human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) test was offered and performed at specific life events where PITC is recommended by national guidelines. METHODS: In 2017, a cross-sectional telephone survey was conducted among a representative sample of 3,867 adults from the general population in Côte d'Ivoire. The occurrences of the following events over the past 5 years were documented: pregnancy (event A) or partner's pregnancy (event B) of the last child, sexually transmitted infection (event C) and marriage (event D). For each of these events, participants were asked (i) if they consulted a health care professional, (ii) if they were offered an HIV test during that consultation and (iii) if they accepted it. RESULTS: Consulting a health care provider was reported by 94.9%, 58.3%, 70.3% and 19.1% of those who reported events A, B, C and D respectively. In case of medical consultations following events A, B, C and D, respectively 70.1%, 33.1%, 28.1%, and 78.8% of individuals were offered an HIV test. The testing acceptance was high regardless of the event. Overall, testing coverage was 63.7%, 16.9%, 13.4% and 14.5% for events A, B, C and D respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing HIV testing coverage in Côte d'Ivoire requires (i) facilitating attendance to health services in case of sexually transmitted infections, marriage and pregnancy-for men-and (ii) strengthening routine testing offer on these occasions.

Inghels Maxime, Kouassi Arsène Kra, Niangoran Serge, Bekelynck Anne, Carillon Séverine, Sika Lazare, Danel Christine, Koné Mariatou, Desgrées du Loû Annabel, Larmarange Joseph et ANRS 12323 DOD-CI Study Group (2020) « Pratiques et facteurs associés au dépistage récent du VIH en population générale, Côte d’Ivoire. Résultats de l’étude ANRS 12323 DOD-CI », Bulletin De La Societe De Pathologie Exotique (1990), 113 (5) (décembre 28), p. 268-277. DOI : 10.3166/bspe-2021-0154. https://bspe.revuesonline.com/article.jsp?articleId=42002.

Résumé : With 2.9% of HIV prevalence in the general population, Côte d'Ivoire is one of the countries most affected by the HIV epidemic in West Africa. In this country, only 63% of people infected with HIV are aware of their status. A cross-sectional phone survey was conducted with a representative sample of 3,867 individuals to describe the practices and factors associated with a recent HIV testing (≤ 1 year) in Côte d'Ivoire. Data relative to the last done HIV test as well as the socio-demographic characteristics, sexual behavior, access to information, perceptions, capacities and autonomy as well as social and geographical environment of the participants were collected. Logistical regression models were used to identify the associated factors with a recent HIV test (≤ 1 year). Lack of information is one of the main barriers to HIV testing (only 60% of individuals know a place to get tested). For men, despite the fact that HIV testing is free of charge, poor economic conditions seem to be a barrier to testing. The social environment, including peer influence, also appears to have an effect on testing among men. For women, testing is associated with their perceptions of HIV exposure. There is a need to rethink the current HIV testing communication in Côte d'Ivoire and to identify economic or social incentives to remove access barriers to HIV testing.

Mots-clés : Africa, Western, Afrique subsaharienne, Cote d'Ivoire, Côte d’Ivoire, Cross-Sectional Studies, Dépistage, Enquête téléphonique, Female, HIV Infections, HIV Testing, Humans, Male, Population générale, Sexual Behavior, VIH.

Inghels Maxime, Kouassi Arsène Kra, Niangoran Serge, Bekelynck Anne, Carillon Séverine, Sika Lazare, Danel Christine, Kone Mariatou, Desgrees du Lou Annabel, Larmarange Joseph et for the ANRS 12323 DOD-CI Study Group (2020) « Practices and Obstacles to Provider-Initiated HIV Testing and Counseling (PITC) Among Healthcare Providers in Côte d’Ivoire », AIDS and Behavior (mai 24). DOI : 10.1007/s10461-020-02923-0. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02923-0.

Résumé : Practices of Provider-Initiated HIV Testing and Counseling (PITC) remains suboptimal in Côte d’Ivoire. The aim of this survey was to identify the practices and obstacles to PITC among healthcare professionals in Côte d'Ivoire. A nationally representative cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2018 by telephone among three separate samples of midwives, nurses and physicians practicing in Côte d'Ivoire. The number of HIV tests proposed during consultation in the month preceding the survey was collected for each professional. Factors associated with the number of proposed tests were identified through ordinal logistic regression models. A total of 298 midwives, 308 nurses and 289 physicians were interviewed. Midwives proposed the test more frequently, followed by nurses and physicians. Among midwives, a higher number of proposed tests was associated with the perception that HIV testing does not require specific consent compared to other diseases (aOR 4.00 [95% CI 1.37–14.29]). Among nurses, having received HIV training and the presence of community HIV counselors were associated with a higher number of proposed tests (aOR 2.01 [1.31–3.09] and aOR 1.75 [1.14–2.70], respectively). For physicians, the presence of a voluntary testing center was associated with a higher number of proposed tests (aOR 1.69 [1.01–2.86]). PITC practices and barriers differed across professions. Beyond improving environmental opportunities such as dedicated staff or services, strengthening the motivations and capabilities of healthcare professionals to propose testing could improve PITC coverage.

Iwuji Collins, Chimukuche Rujeko Samanthia, Zuma Thembelihle, Plazy Melanie, Larmarange Joseph, Orne-Gliemann Joanna, Siedner Mark, Shahmanesh Maryam et Seeley Janet (2020) « Test but not treat: Community members’ experiences with barriers and facilitators to universal antiretroviral therapy uptake in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa », PLOS ONE, 15 (9) (septembre 24), p. e0239513. DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0239513. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0239513.

Résumé : Introduction Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has revolutionised the care of HIV-positive individuals resulting in marked decreases in morbidity and mortality, and markedly reduced transmission to sexual partners. However, these benefits can only be realised if individuals are aware of their HIV-positive status, initiated and retained on suppressive lifelong ART. Framed using the socio-ecological model, the present study explores factors contributing to poor ART uptake among community members despite high acceptance of HIV-testing within a Treatment as Prevention (TasP) trial. In this paper we identify barriers and facilitators to treatment across different levels of the socio-ecological framework covering individual, community and health system components. Methods This research was embedded within a cluster-randomised trial (ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01509508) of HIV treatment as Prevention in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Data were collected between January 2013 and July 2014 from resident community members. Ten participants contributed to repeat in-depth interviews whilst 42 participants took part in repeat focus group discussions. Data from individual interviews and focus group discussions were triangulated using community walks to give insights into community members’ perception of the barriers and facilitators of ART uptake. We used thematic analysis guided by a socio-ecological framework to analyse participants’ narratives from both individual interviews and focus group discussions. Results Barriers and facilitators operating at the individual, community and health system levels influence ART uptake. Stigma was an over-arching barrier, across all three levels and expressed variably as fear of HIV disclosure, concerns about segregated HIV clinical services and negative community religious perceptions. Other barriers were individual (substance misuse, fear of ART side effects), community (alternative health beliefs). Facilitators cited by participants included individual (expectations of improved health and longer life expectancy following ART, single tablet regimens), community (availability of ART in the community through mobile trial facilities) and health system factors (fast and efficient service provided by friendly staff). Discussion We identified multiple barriers to achieving universal ART uptake. To enhance uptake in HIV care services, and achieve the full benefits of ART requires interventions that tackle persistent HIV stigma, and offer people with HIV respectful, convenient and efficient services. These interventions require evaluation in appropriately designed studies.

Mots-clés : Antiretroviral therapy, Health care facilities, HIV, HIV diagnosis and management, HIV prevention, Religion, South Africa, Virus testing.

Jamid Hicham, Kabbanji Lama, Levatino Antonina et Mary Kevin (2020) « Les migrations pour études au prisme des mobilités sociales », Migrations Société, N°180 (2) (avril), p. 19. DOI : 10.3917/migra.180.0019. http://www.cairn.info/revue-migrations-societe-2020-2-page-19.htm?ref=doi.

Résumé : Les migrations étudiantes se déploient aujourd’hui selon des modalités liées aux dynamiques récentes de la mondialisation néolibérale, au développement d’un marché du travail toujours plus tertiarisé et à la place qu’y tiennent désormais les étrangers. Les étudiants internationaux, dans ce qui est devenu un marché très stratifié et relativement complexe de l’enseignement supérieur mondial, forment néanmoins une population socialement hétérogène. En remettant la classe sociale au centre de l’analyse, ce dossier vise à rendre compte de la diversité de leurs trajectoires et de repenser l’articulation entre les études supérieures, la mobilité géographique et la mobilité sociale. En s’inscrivant dans le cadre des réflexions menées depuis 2016 par le collectif de chercheurs MobElites, il a pour objectif de montrer comment et jusqu’à quel point les migrations pour études peuvent générer, ou non, une mobilité sociale et, à un autre niveau, reproduire ou engendrer de nouvelles inégalités pendant, mais aussi après les études. Ce faisant, ce dossier interroge les inégalités liées à la globalisation, en multipliant les approches disciplinaires et théoriques, et à travers des terrains et des méthodologies variés.

Joxe Ludovic (2020) « L’acceptation d’une intervention humanitaire. Un reflet du vivre ensemble », Écrire le social, 2 (1), p. 32-47. DOI : 10.3917/esra.002.0033. https://www.cairn.info/revue-ecrire-le-social-la-revue-de-l-aifris-2020-1-page-32.htm.

Résumé : Cet article étudie l’acceptation de l’organisation humanitaire Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) sur ses terrains d’intervention. Il s’intéresse en particulier aux adhésions individuelles des bénéficiaires directs de l’aide et à la reconnaissance plus générale du tissu social local vis-à-vis de l’organisation. En s’appuyant sur une observation participante lors de onze missions humanitaires, cet article met en évidence le fait que les territoires où l’acceptation est la plus aisée sont ceux où la structure sociale est suffisamment faible pour laisser l’espace à MSF de la renforcer, mais suffisamment forte pour protéger l’organisation d’attaques physiques ou politiques potentielles.

Joxe Ludovic (2020) « La « sudisation » du secteur de l’aide internationale: Entre opportunité d’émancipation et déplacement des rapports de domination », Revue internationale des études du développement, N°241 (1), p. 165. DOI : 10.3917/ried.241.0165. http://www.cairn.info/revue-internationale-des-etudes-du-developpement-2020-1-page-165.htm?ref=doi.

Résumé : Depuis une trentaine d’années, les acteurs du secteur de l’aide internationale ont cherché à impliquer davantage les populations auprès desquelles ils intervenaient dans un mouvement de « sudisation ». Chez Médecins sans frontières (MSF), ce mouvement s’est notamment traduit par une diversification de l’origine des « expatriés ». Basé sur cinquante-cinq entretiens et une observation participante, cet article analyse l’enjeu implicite de la « sudisation » : l’émancipation des individus du Sud vis-à-vis du Nord. Fruit d’une volonté politique « sudiste » et d’un besoin grandissant en « expatriés », la « sudisation » de MSF entraînerait en fait une dépolitisation partielle de l’organisation, déplacerait son équilibre stratégique et ferait finalement émerger une nouvelle stratification sociale.

Kabbanji Lama et Mary Kévin (2020) « L’essor des universités privées au Liban : stratégies de conquête de nouveaux « marchés » étudiants », Cahiers de la recherche sur l’éducation et les savoirs, 19 (octobre 20), p. 79-104. http://journals.openedition.org/cres/4966.

Résumé : Depuis 2005, au Liban, plus de la moitié des étudiants de l’enseignement supérieur sont inscrits dans un établissement privé. Le système d’enseignement supérieur libanais apparaît en 2019 stratifié, composé d’une seule université publique, de quelques universités d’élites et d’une myriade d’universités privées axées sur le marché dont l’essor a débuté au début des années 1990 avec le développement de politiques économiques d’inspiration néolibérale. Cette recherche examine les stratégies mises en place par ces universités privées pour conquérir de nouveaux « marchés » étudiants. Nous analysons dans un premier temps leur déploiement spatial par le biais des ouvertures de campus sur l’ensemble du territoire libanais dont l’objectif est d’aller chercher, toujours plus loin, de nouvelles « clientèles » étudiantes. Nous développons ici l’idée d’une nouvelle géographie de l’enseignement supérieur au Liban qui s’est traduite par une délocalisation dans les périphéries et marges urbaines, suivant les logiques du capitalisme académique. Après le repli « communautaire » des universités pendant la guerre, la progression des délocalisations géographiques vers les périphéries exprime ici la montée d’un « marché étudiant » dans le cadre de la libéralisation de l’économie libanaise, sans pour autant remettre en cause les lignes de démarcation confessionnelles instaurées par la guerre. Nous abordons ensuite la concurrence qui découle de l’implantation de ces nouveaux établissements et les manières dont ils essayent d’y répondre en tentant de se démarquer les uns des autres. Enfin, nous nous intéressons aux représentations dont sont porteuses ces universités et qui renvoient à la recherche de « labels » internationaux, synonymes à leurs yeux d’une certaine qualité d’enseignement. Ces analyses nous permettent d’identifier la manière dont le modèle dominant néolibéral de l’enseignement supérieur a été adapté dans le contexte libanais.

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

Kabbanji Lama et Toma Sorana (2020) « Politiques migratoires et sélectivité des migrations étudiantes en France : une approche sociodémographique », Migrations Société, N°180 (2) (avril), p. 37. DOI : 10.3917/migra.180.0037. http://www.cairn.info/revue-migrations-societe-2020-2-page-37.htm?ref=doi.

Résumé : Depuis l’annonce de la nouvelle « stratégie d’attractivité pour les étudiants internationaux », dénommée « Bienvenue en France », le thème des migrations étudiantes est revenu avec force sur le devant de la scène politique et médiatique en France. Les mesures préconisées s’inscrivent dans le prolongement d’une politique sélective de l’immigration mise en place depuis 2003. Dans cet article, nous nous proposons d’examiner la façon dont les politiques visant les étudiants étrangers depuis les années 1970 ont impacté les migrations étudiantes. Les données administratives mobilisées nous permettent de montrer que les politiques d’immigration sélectives contribuent non seulement au ralentissement des migrations étudiantes vers la France, mais ont également pour effet de reconfigurer les caractéristiques de ces migrations au détriment des étudiants les plus modestes, issus des pays à faible pouvoir d’achat, et de certaines disciplines. Une récente enquête que nous avons menée en 2016-2017 nous permet également d’anticiper le fait que la hausse drastique des frais de scolarité instaurée en 2019 pour les étudiants extracommunautaires risque d’accélérer ces dynamiques.

Kadio Kadidiatou, Louart Sarah, Dabiré Solange, Kafando Yamba, Somé Paul-André et Ridde Valéry (2020) « L’accès aux services de santé au Burkina Faso : une revue de l’interaction entre les capacités des individus et les caractéristiques du système de santé », Ramres, Série Sciences Humaines, 14 (juin), p. 13-42.

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

Klein Armelle (2020) « Acceptabilité des outils d'évaluation de la fragilité des seniors : de la théorie à la pratique », L'année Gérontologique, 34 (Tome 1), p. 17-18.

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

Kouadio Brou Alexis, Carillon Séverine, Bekelynck Anne, Assi Adjoa Nelly Assoumou, Danel Christine, Ouantchi Honoré, Doumbia Mohamed, Koné Mariatou, Larmarange Joseph et Équipe projet DOD-CI ANRS 12323 (2020) « Outreach strategies of HIV testing in Côte d’Ivoire: Community providers under pressure », Sante Publique, 32 (1) (juin 29), p. 103-111. DOI : 10.3917/spub.201.0103. https://www.cairn-int.info/journal-sante-publique-2020-1-page-103.htm.

Résumé : Background: Outreach HIV testing strategies have significantly contributed to the increase in the number of people knowing their HIV status in sub-Saharan Africa. This article analyzes the articulation of donor and field constraints on the implementation of outreach HIV testing strategies in Côte d’Ivoire.Methods: Qualitative research was conducted in three health districts (Man, Cocody-Bingerville and Aboisso) in Côte d’Ivoire in 2015-2016, through in-depth interviews with community providers, local leaders and people tested and through observation of outreach HIV testing activities.Results: Implementing organizations feel “under pressure” to meet donors’ objectives that are deemed unattainable, as well as the lack of training and funding. As a result, providers do not observe systematically the rules of the “three Cs” (counselling, informed consent, confidentiality), and propose testing to individuals who are “off-target” (in terms of locations and populations).Discussion: Implementing NGOs experience two types of constraints those resulting from the functioning of international aid (inadequate funding compared to actual costs, objectives too high, the important chain of intermediaries) and those related to the local context (spaces not adapted to guarantee confidentiality and the professional activity of target populations).Conclusion: The pressure that is exerted at different levels on implementing NGOs is detrimental to the quality of HIV testing. It is now essential to develop a more qualitative approach in defining strategies and evaluation criteria.

Snapshot (source)

Kouadio Brou Alexis, Carillon Séverine, Bekelynck Anne, Assoumou Assi Adjoa Nelly, Danel Christine, Ouantchi Honoré, Doumbia Mohamed, Koné Mariatou, Larmarange Joseph et Équipe projet DOD-CI ANRS (2020) « Dépistage du VIH hors les murs en Côte d’Ivoire : des prestataires communautaires sous pression », Santé Publique, 32 (1), p. 103. DOI : 10.3917/spub.201.0103. http://www.cairn.info/revue-sante-publique-2020-1-page-103.htm?ref=doi.

Résumé : Background: Outreach HIV testing strategies have significantly contributed to the increase in the number of people knowing their HIV status in sub-Saharan Africa. This article analyzes the articulation of donor and field constraints on the implementation of outreach HIV testing strategies in Cote d'lvoire. Methods: Qualitative research was conducted in three health districts (Man, Cocody-Bingerville and Aboisso) in Cote d'lvoire in 2015-2016, through in-depth interviews with community providers, local leaders and people tested and through observation of outreach HIV testing activities. Results: Implementing organizations feel "under pressure" to meet donors' objectives that are deemed unattainable, as well as the lack of training and funding. As a result, providers do not observe systematically the rules of the "three Cs" (counselling, informed consent, confidentiality), and propose testing to individuals who are "off-target" (in terms of locations and populations). Discussion: Implementing NGOs experience two types of constraints those resulting from the functioning of international aid (inadequate funding compared to actual costs, objectives too high, the important chain of intermediaries) and those related to the local context (spaces not adapted to guarantee confidentiality and the professional activity of target populations). Conclusion: The pressure that is exerted at different levels on implementing NGOs is detrimental to the quality of HIV testing. It is now essential to develop a more qualitative approach in defining strategies and evaluation criteria.

Lara Gautier, Tosun Jale, De Allegri Manuela et Ridde Valéry (2020) « Comment les entrepreneurs de la diffusion propagent-ils leurs politiques ? », Revue francophone de recherche sur le transfert et l’utilisation des connaissances (septembre 1), p. Vol. 4 No 1 (2020). DOI : 10.18166/TUC.2020.4.1.17. https://revue-tuc.ca/index.php/accueil/article/view/17.

Résumé : La diffusion des innovations politiques entre les pays suscite un intérêt croissant. La recherche sur la diffusion des politiques se caractérise par des modèles explicatifs cohérents qui évaluent l’importance des mécanismes de diffusion. La présente étude adopte une perspective différente des études sur la diffusion et fait progresser la littérature sur les politiques publiques en introduisant le concept d’entrepreneurs de la diffusion. Ces entrepreneurs représentent des (groupes d’) individus, des réseaux et des organisations qui font la promotion d’une certaine innovation en matière de politiques, en vue d’exercer une influence. Premièrement, en nous inspirant de la littérature sur la diffusion et en la reliant aux études sur la diffusion des politiques dans des contextes polycentriques, nous introduisons des catégories analytiques pour étudier les principales caractéristiques et actions des entrepreneurs de la diffusion. Deuxièmement, pour illustrer la valeur analytique du concept, nous analysons la littérature sur les entrepreneurs de la diffusion du financement basé sur la performance (FBP) dans le domaine de la santé en Afrique subsaharienne. Nous montrons comment et pourquoi cette innovation politique récemment diffusée offre une opportunité unique pour démontrer notre notion conceptuelle : dans le domaine du FBP, un groupe d’entrepreneurs de la diffusion fortement dévoués se sont efforcés d’induire la diffusion de cette politique. Plus précisément, nous explorons comment les caractéristiques des entrepreneurs de diffusion du FBP et leurs actions affectent les résultats des processus de diffusion. Enfin, nous réfléchissons sur la pertinence de nos propositions conceptuelles et offrons quelques considérations pratiques pour guider les recherches futures.

Note

<h2>SeriesInformation</h2> Revue francophone de recherche sur le transfert et l’utilisation des connaissances , Vol. 4 No 1 (2020)

Lefort Claire (2020) « Aide internationale, production de services publics et souveraineté étatique : l’exemple des réfugiés centrafricains dans l’Est-Cameroun », Politique africaine, 158 (2), p. 205-222. DOI : 10.3917/polaf.158.0205. https://www.cairn.info/revue-politique-africaine-2020-2-page-205.htm.

Lefort-Rieu Claire (2020) « Derrière le paravent des “minorités religieuses” au Moyen-Orient : exemples irakiens », Les Cahiers d’EMAM. Études sur le Monde Arabe et la Méditerranée, 32 (mai 4). DOI : 10.4000/emam.2711. https://journals.openedition.org/emam/2711.

Résumé : Il fréquent de voir appliquée aux événements en cours au Moyen-Orient une lecture communautaire et confessionnelle, dans laquelle le prisme religieux semble parfois prévaloir sur toute autre forme de compréhension, d’appartenances ou de facteurs. Dans ces discours les « minorités religieuses » occupent une place de choix, en particulier depuis l’émergence de l’organisation État islamique et les événements survenus en Irak et Syrie. À travers le cas de l’Irak, on se propose de questionner les enjeux attachés à cette notion de « minorités religieuses » et les emplois dont elle peut faire l’objet. L’usage de ce terme participe à la fois d’une essentialisation des identités et de divisions accrues au sein de la société. Il est également le fait d’acteurs extérieurs – notamment diplomatiques et humanitaires – qui, par le ciblage communautaire et confessionnel qu’ils opèrent, occultent une partie de la réalité sociale et des composantes identitaires pour réduire les populations à leur seule appartenance religieuse. Ils renforcent ainsi le processus de victimisation de ces populations, présentées comme victimes plus légitimes que « les autres ».

Mots-clés : Chrétiens d’Orient, Irak, Minorités, ONG confessionnelles.

Legrand Florian, Eychene Jean-Marc, NicolaÏ Alice, Audiffren Julien, Klein Armelle, Labourdette Christophe, Oudre Laurent, Vayatis Nicolas, Vidal Pierre-Paul et Sandron Frédéric (2020) « Impact du programme de prévention "Atout Age" sur le risque de chute par la mesure objective de la marche », L'Année Gérontologique, 34 (Tome 1), p. 20.

Leservoisier Olivier (2020) « La migration comme émancipation ? Pluralité des classements sociaux et recompositions des rapports de pouvoir au sein de la société haalpulaar (Mauritanie-Sénégal) », Politique africaine, 159 (3), p. 33. DOI : 10.3917/polaf.159.0033. http://www.cairn.info/revue-politique-africaine-2020-3-page-33.htm?ref=doi.

Résumé : Cet article analyse les rapports entre migrations et mobilités sociales à partir de parcours d’individus catégorisés comme descendants d’esclaves au sein de la société haalpulaar. Il s’intéresse aux retombées socio-économiques et politiques de la réussite migratoire sur ceux restés au pays. Tout en décrivant comment la migration contribue aux recompositions des pouvoirs et à la multiplicité des classements sociaux, l’article montre que la variable statutaire reste présente dans la manière dont les migrants vivent leurs mobilités sociales, conduisant ainsi à s’interroger sur le sens donné à la réussite et sur l’enjeu de sa reconnaissance.

Lira Luciana Campelo et Prado Helena (2020) « “Nossos filhos não são cobaias”: objetificação dos sujeitos de pesquisa e saturação do campo durante a epidemia de Zika », Ilha Revista de Antropologia, 22 (2) (novembre 23), p. 96-131. DOI : 10.5007/2175-8034.2020v22n2p96. https://periodicos.ufsc.br/index.php/ilha/article/view/67605.

Résumé : Decidimos escrever esse artigo a quatro mãos por uma razão simples: apresentar dois lados da mesma história, a história dos desdobramentos da pesquisa durante a epidemia de Zika. Neste sentido, não somente expomos duas experiências como pesquisadoras em antropologia sobre a epidemia do vírus Zika, mas propomos mostrar como essas duas experiências e vivências revelam de alguma forma um sistema complexo atuando neste contexto específico e envolvendo descobertas científicas, financiamentos internacionais, concorrência de pesquisadores e de instituições, campo com mulheres, crianças vulneráveis e instituições de saúde, trajetórias de amostras biológicas, colaborações – as vezes assimétricas – entre científicos dos chamados ‘Sul e Norte’ do mundo. Esperamos dessa forma chegar a um retrato da Science in the making que proporcionará uma reflexividade a diferentes níveis sobre 1/ nossas práticas como pesquisadores em antropologia em tempos de crise e emergência, e 2/ os diversos significados da relação centro-periferia/pesquisador-pessoas no campo nas ciências que tratam da saúde.

Mots-clés : Objetificação.

Lira Luciana et Prado Helena (2020) « Les effets collatéraux de la recherche sur l’épidémie de Zika au Brésil », Anthropologie et Santé, 21 (novembre 30). DOI : 10.4000/anthropologiesante.7972. http://journals.openedition.org/anthropologiesante/7972.

Résumé : Nous avons souhaité écrire ce texte en duo pour une raison simple : présenter deux faces d’une même histoire, celle du déroulement de la recherche pendant l’épidémie de maladie à virus Zika. Nous souhaitons en particulier donner à voir les effets collatéraux de la recherche, c’est-à-dire la façon dont s’entremêlent l’objectification des sujets de recherche touchés par l’épidémie de Zika, les points méthodologiques et éthiques concernant l’entrée sur le terrain ethnographique, ses angles morts et impasses, et la légitimité de la collecte des données. Nous espérons ainsi engager une réflexion sur nos pratiques d’anthropologues en temps de crise et d’urgence, et sur les diverses significations des relations chercheurs-sujets de terrain, et centre-périphérie, dans les sciences de la santé.

Louart Sarah, Bonnet Emmanuel et Ridde Valery (2020) « Is patient navigation a solution to the problem of "leaving no one behind"? A scoping review of evidence from low-income countries », Health Policy and Planning (novembre 19). DOI : 10.1093/heapol/czaa093.

Résumé : Patient navigation interventions, which are designed to enable patients excluded from health systems to overcome the barriers they face in accessing care, have multiplied in high-income countries since the 1990s. However, in low-income countries (LICs), indigents are generally excluded from health policies despite the international paradigm of universal health coverage (UHC). Fee exemption interventions have demonstrated their limits and it is now necessary to act on other dimensions of access to healthcare. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the interventions implemented in LICs to support the indigents throughout their care pathway. The aim of this paper is to synthesize what is known about patient navigation interventions to facilitate access to modern health systems for vulnerable populations in LICs. We therefore conducted a scoping review to identify all patient navigation interventions in LICs. We found 60 articles employing a total of 48 interventions. Most of these interventions targeted traditional beneficiaries such as people living with HIV, pregnant women and children. We utilized the framework developed by Levesque et al. (Patient-centred access to health care: conceptualising access at the interface of health systems and populations. Int J Equity Health 2013;12:18) to analyse the interventions. All acted on the ability to perceive, 34 interventions on the ability to reach, 30 on the ability to engage, 8 on the ability to pay and 6 on the ability to seek. Evaluations of these interventions were encouraging, as they often appeared to lead to improved health indicators and service utilization rates and reduced attrition in care. However, no intervention specifically targeted indigents and very few evaluations differentiated the impact of the intervention on the poorest populations. It is therefore necessary to test navigation interventions to enable those who are worst off to overcome the barriers they face. It is a major ethical issue that health policies leave no one behind and that UHC does not benefit everyone except the poorest. Keywords: Patient navigation; access to health care; indigents; scoping review.

Mac-Seing Muriel, Zinszer Kate, Oga Omenka Charity, de Beaudrap Pierre, Mehrabi Fereshteh et Zarowsky Christina (2020) « Pro-equity legislation, health policy and utilisation of sexual and reproductive health services by vulnerable populations in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review », Global Health Promotion (août 4), p. 175797592094143. DOI : 10.1177/1757975920941435. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1757975920941435.

Résumé : Il y a vingt-cinq ans, la Conférence internationale sur la population et le développement a souligné la nécessité de traiter les droits à la santé sexuelle et reproductive (SSR) à l'échelle mondiale. La région de l'Afrique subsaharienne continue d'afficher les taux les plus élevés de mortalité maternelle et de VIH, affectant principalement les populations les plus vulnérables. Reconnaissant le rôle critique de la politique dans la compréhension de la santé de la population, nous avons mené une revue systématique de la recherche primaire originale qui a examiné les relations entre la législation et les politiques axées sur l'équité et l'utilisation des services de SSR par les populations vulnérables en Afrique subsaharienne. Nous avons recherché dans neuf bases de données bibliographiques des articles pertinents publiés entre 1994 et 2019. Trente-deux études, menées dans 14 pays d'Afrique subsaharienne, répondaient aux critères d'inclusion. Ils se sont concentrés sur l'utilisation des services de santé maternelle, soit par le biais de politiques spécifiques de réduction / suppression des frais, soit par des réformes des soins de santé et des régimes d'assurance pour augmenter l'utilisation des services de SSR. Les résultats de la plupart des études ont montré que la législation et la politique en matière de santé ont favorisé une augmentation de l'utilisation des services, au fil du temps, en particulier pour les soins prénatals, l'accouchement qualifié et l'accouchement en établissement. Cependant, les inégalités sociales de santé persistaient parmi les sous-groupes de femmes. Ni les études examinées ni les politiques ne concernaient spécifiquement les jeunes, les personnes vivant avec le VIH et les personnes handicapées. À l'ère des objectifs de développement durable, s'attaquer aux inégalités en matière de santé dans le contexte des déterminants sociaux de la santé devient inévitable. Recherche quantitative et qualitative systématique et rigoureuse, Mots clés déterminants de la santé , équité / justice sociale , santé maternelle , politique / politique , santé reproductive , Afrique subsaharienne , revue systématique

Maynas Bardales César, Suárez Maynas Jeiser et Mick Carola (2020) « Íkaro de la Reconciliación Espiritual. Un canto medicinal shipibo-konibo para el bien común », Manicomio Suyay. Revista de política, literatura y otras dudas, Publication en ligne (décembre 3). https://revistamanicomiosuyay.wordpress.com/2020/12/03/el-ikaro-de-la-reconciliacion-espiritual/.

Résumé : La tradición shipibo-konibo interpreta la enfermedad como un desequilibrio entre cuerpo, alma, mente y el mundo de los espíritus de las plantas. La enfermedad individual, en otras palabras, se considera como un trastorno ecosistémico; y como tal, no puede ser tratada por una intervención directa por y en el ser humano, sino el onaya busca reestablecer el orden entre el mundo natural y el mundo social.

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

Mbow Ndeye Bineta, Senghor Ibrahima, Ridde Valéry et Faye Adama (2020) « The resilience of two professionalized departmental health insurance units during the COVID-19 pandemic in Senegal », Journal of Global Health, 10 (2) (décembre), p. 1-6. DOI : 10.7189/jogh.10.020394.

Meda Ivlabèhiré Bertrand, Kouanda Seni, Dumont Alexandre et Ridde Valéry (2020) « Effect of a prospective payment method for health facilities on direct medical expenditures in a low-resource setting: a paired pre-post study », Health Policy and Planning, 35 (7) (août 1), p. 775-783. DOI : 10.1093/heapol/czaa039. https://academic.oup.com/heapol/article/35/7/775/5851553.

Résumé : Almost all sub-Saharan countries have adopted cost-reduction policies to facilitate access to health care. However, several studies underline the reimbursement delays experienced by health facilities, which lead to deficient implementation of these policies. In April 2016, for its free care policy, Burkina Faso shifted from fee-for-service (FFS) paid retrospectively to FFS paid prospectively. This study tested the hypothesis that this new method of payment would be associated with an increase in direct medical expenditures (expenses covered by the policies) associated with deliveries. This paired pre-post study used data from two cross-sectional national surveys. Observations were paired according to the health facility and the type of delivery. We used a combined approach (state and household perspectives) to capture all direct medical expenses (delivery fees, drugs and supplies costs, paraclinical exam costs and hospitalization fees). A Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to test the hypothesis that the 2016 distribution of direct medical expenditures was greater than that for 2014. A total of 279 pairs of normal deliveries, 66 dystocia deliveries and 48 caesareans were analysed. The direct medical expenditure medians were USD 4.97 [interquartile range (IQR): 4.30-6.02], 22.10 [IQR: 15.59-29.32] and 103.58 [IQR: 85.13-113.88] in 2014 vs USD 5.55 [IQR: 4.55-6.88], 23.90 [IQR: 17.55-48.81] and 141.54 [IQR: 104.10-172.02] in 2016 for normal, dystocia and caesarean deliveries, respectively. Except for dystocia (P=0.128) and medical centres (P=0.240), the 2016 direct medical expenditures were higher than the 2014 expenses, regardless of the type of delivery and level of care. The 2016 expenditures were higher than the 2014 expenditures, regardless of the components considered. In the context of cost-reduction policies in sub-Saharan countries, greater attention must be paid to the provider payment method and cost-control measures because these elements may generate an increase in medical expenditures, which threatens the sustainability of these policies.

Melchior Maria, Desgrées Du Loû Annabel, Gosselin Anne, Datta Geetanjali D., Carabali Mabel, Merckx Joanna et Kaufman Jay S. (2020) « Migrant status, ethnicity and COVID-19: More accurate European data are greatly needed », Clinical Microbiology and Infection (octobre 22). DOI : 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.10.014. https://www.clinicalmicrobiologyandinfection.com/article/S1198-743X(20)30645-5/abstract.

Résumé : In past months, systematically higher levels of severe COVID-19 illness and death among individuals belonging to migrant or ethnic minority groups have been reported in several countries, including the US, the UK, Sweden, Brazil, Spain, and South Africa. In particular, racialized populations tend to have less access to testing, higher rates of severe disease, higher mortality rates, and worse sequalae when they survive the infection (1-5). The interacting social, behavioral and biological pathways underlying these disparities are doubtlessly complex, but the hierarchy of social advantage in racialized societies drives health status, exposure, housing, employment and access to healthcare, and undoubtedly plays the dominant role (6).

Mensah Keitly, Assoumou Nelly, Duchesne Véronique, Pourette Dolorès, DeBeaudrap Pierre et Dumont Alexandre (2020) « Acceptability of HPV screening among HIV-infected women attending an HIV-dedicated clinic in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire », BMC Women's Health, 20 (1) (juillet 28), p. 155. DOI : 10.1186/s12905-020-01021-6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-020-01021-6.

Résumé : Cervical cancer incidence is high among women living with HIV due to high-risk HPV persistence in the cervix. In low-income countries, cervical cancer screening is based on visual inspection with acetic acid. Implementing human papilloma virus (HPV) screening through self-sampling could increase women’s participation and screening performance. Our study aims to assess the preintervention acceptability of HPV screening among HIV-infected women in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire.

Meyer Jean-Baptiste (2020) « Pierre Puchot (dir.), Islam et politique », Hommes & migrations, 1330 (juillet 17), p. 244. DOI : 10.4000/hommesmigrations.11718. http://journals.openedition.org/hommesmigrations/11718.

Résumé : Cet ouvrage collectif compare l’émergence des mouvements islamistes dans 13 pays de la région MENA (Moyen-Orient et Afrique du Nord) : l’Égypte, l’Arabie Saoudite, le Levant, le Liban, partiellement l’Irak et la Syrie, le Qatar, la Tunisie, le Maroc, l’Algérie, la Turquie, Gaza, le Yemen ainsi que les engagements extérieurs des États-Unis. Chaque pays fait l’objet d’une analyse essentiellement politique et historique de l’émergence et des vicissitudes des mouvements islamistes. Les descriptions convergent sur la période récente des « Printemps arabes » et se centrent sur des mouvements qui gravitent autour du pouvoir et parfois l’investissent. Elles font, pour la plupart, référence au mouvement des Frères musulmans de Hassan al-Banna durant les années 1930 en Égypte, qu’elles identifient comme origine ou inspiration de l’islam politique contemporain.

Mick Carola, Fernández María E., Alvarado Chuqui Cástula, Amasifuen Guerra Carlos A., Kleiche-Dray Mina, López Minchán Ana Paula et Silva López Jhonsy Omar (2020) « Regional development in Amazonas, Peru: science-society interactions for sustainability », The Anthropocene Review (septembre 16), p. 205301962095121. DOI : 10.1177/2053019620951210. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2053019620951210.

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