Références bibliographiques

Mishtal Joanna, De Zordo Silvia, Capelli Irene, Martino Anastasia, Rahm Laura et Zanini Giulia (2020) « Political (in)action in abortion governance during COVID-19 in Europe: a call for a harmonized EU response during public health crises », Medical Anthropology Quarterly (juin 19). http://medanthroquarterly.org/2020/06/19/political-inaction-in-abortion-governance-during-covid-19-in-europe-a-call-for-a-harmonized-eu-response-during-public-health-crises/.

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

Moreau Nicolas, Roy Melissa, Wilson Andrew et Atlani-Duault Laetitia (2020) « “Life is more important than football”: Comparative analysis of Tweets and Facebook comments regarding the cancellation of the 2015 African Cup of Nations in Morocco », International Review for the Sociology of Sport (janvier 20), p. 1-24. DOI : 10.1177/1012690219899610. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1012690219899610.

Résumé : This study analyzes comments from two major social media, Facebook and Twitter, regarding the controversial cancellation of the 2015 African Cup of Nations (CAN) in Morocco and its transfer to Equatorial Guinea, a move precipitated by the contemporaneous outbreaks of Ebola in West Africa. Using frame analysis methodology (frames being the central ideas structuring a narrative account of an issue, event or controversy), it investigates how the sporting and health worlds are understood and conceptualized on Twitter and Facebook, in the context of a specific event. We also investigated the extent to which these frames are platform-specific. Data were collected by keyword extraction and submitted to a qualitative thematic and frame analysis, from which we identified six frames (Epidemic management, Sporting event, Political, Skepticism, Religion, and Economic). Analysis of these frames identified a number of classic issues from the sociology of not only football and epidemics but also of African political issues. The cancellation of the CAN thus provides an excellent window into the complex links between sport, heath and politics. Indeed, the online comments of social media users expressed a rich range of pre-existing frustrations, beliefs and political positions. Our results show that, in the context of the cancellation of the 2015 CAN, tweets mostly framed the event as an epidemic management issue, while Facebook comments typically framed it as an epidemic management, sporting and political event. Some themes treated in a factual way on Twitter became politicized on Facebook where, in addition, new political themes emerged. We conclude that studying social media conversations relating to a mega-sporting event could provide sociologically valuable insights about topics not typically directly associated with sport or health. Keywords African Cup of Nation, Ebola, epidemic management, football, Facebook, qualitative thematic analysis, rhetorical frame analysis, soccer, social media, Twitter

Mouté Charles, Desgrées du Loû Annabel, Beninguisse Gervais et DeBeaudrap Pierre (2020) « Impact of disability on the transitions to adulthood of men and women in Cameroon », Alter, 14 (1) (février), p. 27-39. DOI : 10.1016/j.alter.2019.09.007. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1875067219301440.

Résumé : The transition to adulthood is a critical stage in human development because it shapes the future lives of many young people. Little is known about how disability affects this transition. Most of the available evidence comes from high-resource settings, where the situation differs greatly from that of resource-limited countries. Using the data from the HandiVIH ANRS 12302 study, we aimed to examine the effect of disability on the social markers of the transition to adulthood in an African context with regard to gender and the nature and severity of the limitations. Our results show that men and women with disabilities experience significant delays in completing the different transitions to adulthood and, consequently, live in more precarious situations at the beginning of adulthood. We also found complex variations in the effects of disability with regard to disability characteristics and gender. These results call for gender- and disability-sensitive transitional programmes to achieve the goal of equal opportunity as envisioned in the sustainable development goals.

Ndour Mamour et Alexandre Laurice (2020) « L’évolution du modèle d’affaires des organisations de l’entrepreneuriat social : le cas des jeunes entreprises du numérique en France », Revue internationale P.M.E.: Économie et gestion de la petite et moyenne entreprise, 33 (1), p. 75. DOI : 10.7202/1069284ar. http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1069284ar.

Ndour Mamour et Alexandre Laurice (2020) « La dynamique du modèle d’affaires des start-ups dans le secteur des TIC, le cas des entreprises sociales au Sénégal », Management & Avenir, N°115 (1), p. 15. DOI : 10.3917/mav.115.0015. http://www.cairn.info/revue-management-et-avenir-2020-1-page-15.htm?ref=doi.

Résumé : Cet article tente de répondre à la question suivante : « comment les différents éléments du modèle d’affaires des start-ups sociales évoluent dans le temps dans un pays en transition ? ». Grâce à l’étude approfondie de 10 start-ups sociales dans le secteur des TIC au Sénégal, il a été démontré que le modèle d’affaires évolue selon les phases de développement des entreprises, et la proposition de valeur peut évoluer de trois façons : (1) l’adaptation de l’offre par modification ou changement de l’offre ; (2) l’enrichissement de l’offre de départ par l’ajout de services annexes ; (3) la création d’une nouvelle offre liée ou non à l’offre de départ pour la cible actuelle ou pour une nouvelle cible. Il semblerait également que le modèle d’affaires social sénégalais n’a pas encore atteint la phase de maturité d’un modèle d’affaires social d’une entreprise française.

Nguyen Hoa Thi, Torbica Aleksandra, Brenner Stephan, Kiendrébéogo Joël Arthur, Tapsoba Ludovic, Ridde Valéry et De Allegri Manuela (2020) « Economic Evaluation of User-Fee Exemption Policies for Maternal Healthcare in Burkina Faso: Evidence From a Cost-Effectiveness Analysis », Value in Health, 23 (3) (mars), p. 300-308. DOI : 10.1016/j.jval.2019.10.007. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1098301519351794.

Résumé : Objectives The reduction and removal of user fees for essential care services have recently become a key instrument to advance universal health coverage in sub-Saharan Africa, but no evidence exists on its cost-effectiveness. We aimed to address this gap by estimating the cost-effectiveness of 2 user-fee exemption interventions in Burkina Faso between 2007 and 2015: the national 80% user-fee reduction policy for delivery care services and the user-fee removal pilot (ie, the complete [100%] user-fee removal for delivery care) in the Sahel region. Methods We built a single decision tree to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the 2 study interventions and the baseline. The decision tree was populated with an own impact evaluation and the best available epidemiological evidence. Results Relative to the baseline, both the national 80% user-fee reduction policy and the user-fee removal pilot are highly cost-effective, with incremental cost-effectiveness ratios of $210.22 and $252.51 per disability-adjusted life-year averted, respectively. Relative to the national 80% user-fee reduction policy, the user-fee removal pilot entails an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $309.74 per disability-adjusted life-year averted. Conclusions Our study suggests that it is worthwhile for Burkina Faso to move from an 80% reduction to the complete removal of user fees for delivery care. Local analyses should be done to identify whether it is worthwhile to implement user-fee exemptions in other sub-Saharan African countries.

Oluwaseyi Somefun Dolapo et Simo Fotso Arlette (2020) « The effect of family and neighbourhood social capital on youth mental health in South Africa », Journal of Adolescence, 83 (août 1), p. 22-26. DOI : 10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.06.009. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140197120300944.

Résumé : Introduction Despite the prevalence of mental illness among young adults in South Africa, few studies have examined its correlation with social capital using nationally representative data. Sources of social capital are different for youth, which is why understanding the correlation between family and neighbourhood social capital and mental health outcomes is important for designing optimal interventions. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between social capital and youth mental health. We also sought to understand whether family social capital was more protective for the mental health of youth compared to neighbourhood social capital. Methods Using the National Income Dynamics Survey data for South Africa, we examine these associations among 2307 youth aged 15–24 across the four waves. Multilevel logistic regression was used to examine these associations. Results Our findings emphasize the substantial burden of mental illness among youth in South Africa (26% in wave 4). Although results for parental presence were not significant, family social capital measured by household income significantly decreased the odds of incident depression only for those belonging to the third quintile (aOR 0.74, 95% CI 0.54–1.01). High perception of crime in the neighbourhood was associated with significantly higher odds of incident depression (aOR 1.33, 95% CI 1.06–1.67). Conclusions Our results confirm the independent effect of neighbourhood characteristics on youth mental health and did not support family social capital as being protective for developing depression. This implies that youth program planners must focus on community context in improving youth developmental outcomes such as mental health.

Mots-clés : Depression, Family, Mental health, Neighbourhood, Social capital, South Africa, Youth.

Orozco L, Pirela Arnoldo, Requier-Desjardins D et Guibert M (2020) « Hydrocarbons, agro-food production and energy transition in Latin America: Theoretical elements of the debate », Caravelle, 115, p. 11-24. DOI : 10.4000/caravelle.8556.

Résumé : Climate change poses a double threat to Latin America, both to agricultural production and to the exploitation of its main comparative advantage; fossil resources. This paper's aim is to tackle the technological convergence/divergence in Latin America between the hydrocarbon and agrifood value chains in a context of energy transition. This theoretical work is based on existing literature.

Pannetier Julie et Ravalihasy Andrainolo (2020) « Les femmes migrantes face aux violences sexuelles en France », The Conversation (mai 29). https://theconversation.com/les-femmes-migrantes-face-aux-violences-sexuelles-en-france-138896.

Résumé : Les violences sexuelles envers les femmes immigrées sont fréquentes mais restent largement invisibles dans les statistiques publiques en Europe. Si l’opinion publique y a été sensibilisée dans les pays de transit comme en Libye, c’est beaucoup moins le cas lorsque ces violences ont lieu dans le pays de destination. Rappelons que les personnes originaires d’Afrique subsaharienne représentent 13 % des immigrés en France. Parmi ces personnes, la moitié sont des femmes. Même après la migration, les femmes sont confrontées à des contextes marqués par des insécurités multiples qui les exposent à des violences sexuelles, rarement documentées et analysées. Leurs effets sur la santé sont également peu étudiés.

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

Pannetier Julie, Ravalihasy Andrainolo, Desgrées du Loû Annabel, Lert France, Lydie Nathalie et Groupe Parcours (2020) « Les violences sexuelles envers les femmes immigrées d’Afrique subsaharienne après la migration en France », Populations et Sociétés, 577 (mai), p. 1-4.

Résumé : L’enquête Parcours réalisée en 2012-2013 dans des établissements de santé en Île-de-France permet d’étudier les violences sexuelles que les femmes immigrées originaires d’Afrique subsaharienne ont subies après leur migration et d’examiner le contexte social de leur survenue. L’insécurité résidentielle et administrative accroît ces violences sexuelles. Un tiers des femmes séropositives pour le VIH a été infecté après la migration, et rapporte quatre fois plus souvent avoir été victime de rapports sexuels forcés que les femmes non infectées.

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

Paul Elisabeth, Brown Garrett W et Ridde Valery (2020) « COVID-19: time for paradigm shift in the nexus between local, national and global health », BMJ Global Health, 5 (4) (avril), p. e002622. DOI : 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002622. http://gh.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002622.

Paul Elisabeth, Brown Garrett W., Ensor Tim, Ooms Gorik, van de Pas Remco et Ridde Valéry (2020) « We shouldn’t count chickens before they hatch: results-based financing and the challenges of cost-effectiveness analysis », Critical Public Health (janvier 3), p. 1-6. DOI : 10.1080/09581596.2019.1707774. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09581596.2019.1707774.

Résumé : Results-based financing (RBF) is subject to fierce debate and the evidence-base on its cost effectiveness is scarce. To our knowledge, only one cost-effectiveness study of RBF in a lower-middle income country has been published in a peer reviewed journal. That study – in Zambia – concludes that RBF is cost-effective, which was then uncritically repeated in an editorial accompanying its release. Here we would like to warn against readily accepting the conclusion of the cost-effectiveness study of RBF in Zambia, because its conclusions are not straightforward and could be dangerously misleading, especially for those readers unfamiliar with health economics. After outlining the results from the Zambia’s RBF cost-effectiveness study, we point to important methodological issues related to cost-effectiveness analysis, showing how key assumptions produce particular results. We then reflect on how cost-effectiveness is different from efficiency and affordability – which is important, since cost-effectiveness studies often have considerable influence on national health financing strategies and policy priorities. Finally, we provide an alternative reading of the evidence on RBF in Zambia. Namely, when examined from an efficiency point of view, the study actually demonstrates that RBF is less efficient than the simpler alternative of providing more resources to health facilities, unconditioned on performance, which will be of most interest to a government with tight budget constraints. As a result, existing claims that RBF is cost-effective are overstated, requiring further and more nuanced examination with more adequate research methods.

Paul Elisabeth, Brown Garrett W., Kalk Andreas, Van Damme Wim, Ridde Valery et Sturmberg Joachim (2020) « “When My Information Changes, I Alter My Conclusions.” What Can We Learn From the Failures to Adaptively Respond to the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic and the Under Preparedness of Health Systems to Manage COVID-19? », International Journal of Health Policy and Management. DOI : 10.34172/ijhpm.2020.240. https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3972.html.

Mots-clés : COVID-19, Evidence-Based Policy, Health Policies, Public Health, SARS-CoV-2, Systemic Approach.

Paul Elisabeth, Brown Garrett W. et Ridde Valéry (2020) « Misunderstandings and ambiguities in strategic purchasing in low‐ and middle‐income countries », The International Journal of Health Planning and Management (juillet 16), p. hpm.3019. DOI : 10.1002/hpm.3019. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/hpm.3019.

Résumé : Strategic purchasing is branded as an approach that is necessary for progress towards universal health coverage. While we agree that publicly purchased health services should respond to society's needs and patient expectations, and thus generally endorse strategic purchasing, here we would like to explore two emerging concerns within current discussions in low‐ and middle‐income countries. First, there exists a great deal of misunderstanding and conceptual unclarity, within practitioner groups, around the concept of strategic purchasing and what instruments it incorporates. Second, there is a growing trend to regularly fuse strategic purchasing into a performance‐based financing (PBF) discourse in ways that increasingly blur their distinctive properties and policy orientations, while perhaps too easily obfuscating potential tensions. We believe the discourse on strategic purchasing would benefit from better conceptual clarity by dissociating and prioritising its two objectives, namely: priority should be given to needs‐based allocation of resources, while rewarding performance is a subsequent concern. We argue there is a need for a more thoroughgoing conceptual and empirical re‐examination of strategic purchasing's priorities, its link with PBF, as well as for a wider evidence‐base on what strategic purchasing tools exist and which are most appropriate for diverse contexts.

Pérez Myriam Cielo, Chandra Dinesh, Koné Georges, Singh Rohit, Ridde Valery, Sylvestre Marie-Pierre, Seth Aaditeshwar et Johri Mira (2020) « Implementation fidelity and acceptability of an intervention to improve vaccination uptake and child health in rural India: a mixed methods evaluation of a pilot cluster randomized controlled trial », Implementation Science Communications, 1 (1) (décembre), p. 88. DOI : 10.1186/s43058-020-00077-7. https://implementationsciencecomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s43058-020-00077-7.

Résumé : The Tika Vaani intervention, an initiative to improve basic health knowledge and empower beneficiaries to improve vaccination uptake and child health for underserved rural populations in India, was assessed in a pilot cluster randomized trial. The intervention was delivered through two strategies: mHealth (using mobile phones to send vaccination reminders and audio-based messages) and community mobilization (face-to-face meetings) in rural Indian villages from January to September 2018. We assessed acceptability and implementation fidelity to determine whether the intervention delivered in the pilot trial can be implemented at a larger scale. Methods We adapted the Conceptual Framework for implementation fidelity to assess acceptability and fidelity of the pilot interventions using a mixed methods design. Quantitative data sources include a structured checklist, household surveys, and mobile phone call patterns. Qualitative data came from field observations, intervention records, semi-structured interviews and focus groups with project recipients and implementers. Quantitative analyses assessed whether activities were implemented as planned, using descriptive statistics to describe participant characteristics and the percentage distribution of activities. Qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis and in the light of the implementation fidelity model to explore moderating factors and to determine how well the intervention was received. Results Findings demonstrated high (86.7%) implementation fidelity. A total of 94% of the target population benefited from the intervention by participating in a face-to-face group meeting or via mobile phone. The participants felt that the strategies were useful means for obtaining information. The clarity of the intervention theory, the motivation, and commitment of the implementers as well as the periodic meetings of the supervisors largely explain the high level of fidelity obtained. Geographic distance, access to a mobile phone, level of education, and gender norms are contextual factors that contributed to heterogeneity in participation. Conclusions Although the intervention was evaluated in the context of a randomized trial that could explain the high level of fidelity obtained, this evaluation provides confirmatory evidence that the results of the study reflect the underlying theory. The mobile platform coupled with community mobilization was well-received by the participants and could be a useful way to improve health knowledge and change behavior.

Pérouse de Montclos Marc-Antoine (2020) « Aide internationale et "guerre globale contre le terrorisme" en Afrique : des défis renouvelés », Revue internationale des études du développement, 241, p. 41. DOI : 10.3917/ried.241.0041. https://hal.science/hal-04005855.

Résumé : La 'guerre globale contre le terrorisme' a renouvelé les défis auxquels doit répondre l'aide internationale. En effet, les décideurs politiques envisagent souvent la distribution de secours et le développement comme un moyen d'inciter la population à collaborer avec les forces de sécurité. Concernant l'Afrique, cet article montre cependant que les attentes en la matière reposent sur des idées simplistes en supposant que l'assistance de la communauté internationale permettrait d'acheter la paix sociale. Or l'aide est aussi un enjeu de compétition qui peut prolonger, exacerber, voire créer de nouveaux conflits. De plus, il s'avère que la coopération entre humanitaires et militaires est fort difficile à mettre en oeuvre.

Pérouse de Montclos Marc-Antoine (2020) « Boko Haram : un cas d’école de l’échec de l’islam politique au Nigeria », Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue canadienne des études africaines (avril 28), p. 1-18. DOI : 10.1080/00083968.2019.1700141. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00083968.2019.1700141.

Résumé : This article analyses some of the reasons why Boko Haram proved unable to govern the territories it was able to control before its allegiance to the Islamic State and its withdrawal into the Lake Chad wetlands in 2015. The group's political failure is not limited to its fragmentation, its criminalisation, its lack of qualified professionals and the inadequacy of a 'low cost' insurgency. Indeed, the predatory character of the sect is both a cause and a symptom of its disorganisation and inability to govern. Claiming the legitimacy of the jihad of Ousmane dan Fodio in Sokoto, the movement never sought to resuscitate the Borno Empire to raise taxes and dispense very rudimentary justice. Thus, the case of Boko Haram demonstrates in its own way the failure of political Islamand attempts to extend the scope of Sharia law in Nigeria since the end of the military dictatorship in 1999.

Pérouse de Montclos Marc-Antoine (2020) « "Horn, Sahel and Rift : faultlines, of the African Jihad". - Hansen, Stig Jarle, London, Hurst [Compte rendu de lecture] », Small Wars and Insurgencies, 31, p. 204–208. DOI : 10.1080/09592318.2020.1672977. http://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010077400.

Mots-clés : AFRIQUE SUBSAHARIENNE.

Perouse de Montclos Marc-Antoine (2020) « Des frontières et des passoires : le "Sahelistan" à l'épreuve du récit de la globalisation », p. 65. https://hal.science/hal-04010020.

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

Petit Véronique (2020) « « Tu peux être en vie et déjà mort » : le quotidien ordinaire d’une personne atteinte de troubles psychiques au Sénégal », Politique Africaine, 1 (157), p. 39-69. DOI : 10.3917/polaf.157.0039. https://www.cairn.info/revue-politique-africaine-2020-1-page-39.htm.

Résumé : Cet article propose une ethnographie de la vie quotidienne d’une personne atteinte de troubles psychiques et de la manière dont l’aspect chronique de la maladie mentale affecte les dynamiques familiales au sein d’un espace domestique marqué par l’économie morale. La mise en intrigue de cette vie ordinaire à travers les discours révèle les positionnements, les attentes et les ajustements des acteurs les uns aux autres, avec les tensions, les violences symboliques et les émotions qu’ils impliquent.

Petitprez K., Guillaume S., Mattuizzi A., Arnal M., Artzner F., Bernard C., Bonnin M., Bouvet L., Caron F.-M., Chevalier I., Daussy-Urvoy C., Ducloy-Bouthorsc A.-S., Garnier J.-M., Keita-Meyer H., Lavillonnière J., Lejeune-Sadaa V., Leray C., Morandeau A., Morau E., Nadjafizade M., Pizzagalli F., Schantz Clémence, Schmitz T., Shojai R., Hédon B. et Sentilhes L. (2020) « Accouchement normal : accompagnement de la physiologie et interventions médicales. Recommandations de la Haute Autorité de Santé (HAS) avec la collaboration du Collège National des Gynécologues Obstétriciens Français (CNGOF) et du Collège National des Sages-Femmes de France (CNSF) – Texte des recommandations (texte court) », Gynécologie Obstétrique Fertilité & Sénologie, 48 (12) (décembre), p. 873-882. DOI : 10.1016/j.gofs.2020.09.013. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2468718920302701.

Pirela Arnoldo (2020) « Petroleum geopolitics and authoritarianism in Latin America and the Caribbean: the case of Venezuela », Caravelle, 115, p. 59-73. DOI : en.

Résumé : This paper focuses on the armed conflicts in Central America in the late 70s and 80s, as they relate to the so-called "turn to the left", which began with Hugo Chavez in 1999. It suggests a reading based on the economic and political history of Venezuela, taking into consideration its development strategy of using oil revenues to break tax dependency from oil. It is in fact the story of a mainly pragmatic nationalism with a social democratic orientation that completes a virtuous circle by the oil industry nationalization in 1976, only to find itself trapped in the limitations of its conflicting strategy; and, with the turn of the century, leading the country into the hands of a successful convergence operation between the traditional authoritarianism of military lodges and the totalitarianism of Soviet-cuban inspiration.

Mots-clés : ⚠️ Invalid DOI.

Pourette Dolorès, Andrianantoandro T V, Rakotoarimanana F M J, Razakamanana M, Rakotomalala O et Ramiaramanana J (2020) « Use of healthcare services at time of delivery: a prospective community based study in Madagascar », European Journal of Public Health, 30 (Supplement_5) (septembre 1), p. ckaa166.908. DOI : 10.1093/eurpub/ckaa166.908. https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/article/doi/10.1093/eurpub/ckaa166.908/5915795.

Résumé : Abstract Background Maternal mortality remains high in Madagascar (478 deaths per 100,000 live births) and more than 60% of birth are not assisted by professional health workers. This study aimed to determine factors that influence choices of delivery place in two municipalities of Vakinakaratra region. Methods This was a prospective study. 245 pregnant women in the 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy were included and surveyed during Oct-Nov 2016. The same women were re-surveyed 3 months or more after their respective deliveries (June-July 2017). Binary logistic regression was used and the analysis were supported by qualitative interviews conducted with 35 women from the sample, 7 community health workers, 5 professionals health workers and 15 traditional healers and traditional births attendants or 'reninjaza'. Results Overall, 91.8 % of women intended to give birth at health facilities. The reasons given are the quality of services and the medical support in case of complications, the registration of birth and the referrals and encouragement from reninjaza. However, out of 229 mothers interviewed after delivery, only 60.7% gave birth in a health facility. Educated mothers were ORa=6.6 (p < 0.001) times more likely to deliver at health facility and mothers with at least 4 births are ORa=0.17 (p < 0.01) times less likely to do it. The qualitative analysis highlights the cost (logistics and care) as well as the fear of caesarean sections as a brake on childbirth in a health facility. The distance from the health center and the lack of preparation to travel there were also identified. Decisions at the time of childbirth come under the close family. Conclusions Use of maternity services remains low. The implementation of free delivery care policies, formalizing the collaboration between reninjaza and health workers and raising awareness among close family should improve the access to healthcare. Key messages Collaborations between health workers and traditional healers should be formalized. The close family of pregnant women (spouse, mother, mother-in-law) should be the target of awareness raising strategies.

Quet Mathieu et Dahdah Marine Al (2020) « Technologies Without Borders? The Digitization of Society in a Postcolonial World », Science, Technology and Society, 25 (3), p. 363-367. DOI : 10.1177/0971721820912894. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0971721820912894.

Raberahona Mihaja, Monge François, Andrianiaina Rijasoa Harivelo, Randria Mamy Jean de Dieu, Ratefiharimanana Andosoa, Rakatoarivelo Rivo Andry, Randrianary Lanto, Randriamilahatra Emma, Rakotobe Liva, Mattern Chiarella, Andriananja Volatiana, Rajaonarison Hobimahanina, Randrianarisoa Mirella, Rakotomanana Elliott, Pourette Dolorès, Andriamahenina Hery Zo, Dezé Charlotte, Boukli Narjis, Baril Laurence et Vallès Xavier (2020) « Is Madagascar at the edge of a generalised HIV epidemic? Situational analysis », Sexually Transmitted Infections (mai 18). DOI : 10.1136/sextrans-2019-054254. https://sti.bmj.com/content/early/2020/05/17/sextrans-2019-054254.

Résumé : Objectives To describe the epidemiological situation of the HIV/AIDS epidemic and to identify the main drivers for vulnerability in Madagascar. Design Literature review, qualitative research and situational analysis. Data sources Search of electronic bibliographic databases, national repositories of documentation from 1998 to 2018. Search keywords included Madagascar, HIV, sexually transmitted infections, men who have sex with men (MSM), sex workers (SWs), transactional sex (TS), injecting drug users (IDUs), vulnerability and sexual behaviour. Qualitative sources were interviews and focus group discussions. Review methods Studies focused on HIV and/or vulnerability of HIV in Madagascar in general, and key populations (KPs) and HIV/AIDS response were taken into account. National reports from key HIV response actors were included. Results Madagascar is characterised by a low HIV/AIDS epidemic profile in the general population (GP) (0.3%) combined with a high prevalence of HIV among KPs (SWs, MSM and IDUs).An increase in HIV prevalence among KP has been observed during recent years. Hospital-based data suggest an increase in HIV prevalence among the GP. The vulnerability traits are inconsistent use of condoms, multipartner relationships and other contextual factors like widespread TS and gender inequality. A high prevalence/incidence of sexually transmitted infections could indicate a high vulnerability to HIV/AIDS. However, there are no reports of HIV prevalence of >1% in antenatal consultation. Conclusion There is not enough evidence to make a conclusion about the HIV epidemiological situation in Madagascar due to the scarcity of the epidemiological data. However, Madagascar may be closer to a turning point towards a high-prevalence epidemic with severe consequences, particularly when taking into account its socioeconomical fragility and underlying vulnerabilities. More precise epidemiological data and improved HIV/AIDS diagnosis and case management should be a public health priority.

Mots-clés : Africa, AIDS, HIV.

PubMed entry

Rajan Dheepa, Koch Kira, Rohrer Katja, Bajnoczki Csongor, Socha Anna, Voss Maike, Nicod Marjolaine, Ridde Valery et Koonin Justin (2020) « Governance of the Covid-19 response: a call for more inclusive and transparent decision-making », BMJ Global Health, 5 (5) (mai), p. e002655. DOI : 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002655. http://gh.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002655.

Résumé : Not all countries make their Covid-19 task force membership list public—the available information varies by country. There is currently a predominance of politicians, virologists and epidemiologists in the Covid-19 response at the country level. Experts on non-Covid-19 health, social and societal consequences of Covid-19 response measures are, for the most part, not included in Covid-19 decision-making bodies. There is little transparency regarding whom decision-making bodies are consulting as their source of advice and information. From the available data on Covid-19 decision-making entities, female representation is particularly paltry. In addition, civil society is hardly involved in national government decision-making nor its response efforts, barring some exceptions. We need to be more inclusive and multidisciplinary: the Covid-19 crisis is not simply a health problem but a societal one—it impacts every single person in society one way or another. Decision makers need to address more systematically the suffering from mental illness exacerbations, domestic violence, child abuse, child development delays, chronic diseases and so on, during lockdown.

Ratovoson Rila, Kunkel Amber, Rakotovao Jean Pierre, Pourette Dolores, Mattern Chiarella, Andriamiadana Jocelyne, Harimanana Aina et Piola Patrice (2020) « Frequency, risk factors, and complications of induced abortion in ten districts of Madagascar: results from a cross-sectional household survey », BMC Women's Health, 20 (1) (mai 6). DOI : 10.1186/s12905-020-00962-2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32375746/.

Résumé : Madagascar has restrictive abortion laws with no explicit exception to preserve the woman’s life. This study aimed to estimate the incidence of abortion in the country and examine the methods, consequences, and risk factors of these abortions.

Ravaoarisoa Lantonirina, Razafimahatratra Mamy Jean Jacques, Rakotondratsara Mamy Andrianirina, Pourette Dolorès, Rakotonirina Julio et Rakotomanga Jean de Dieu Marie (2020) « Appréciation des interventions de lutte contre la malnutrition maternelle par la population à Madagascar », Sante Publique, Vol. 32 (1) (juin 29), p. 113-122. DOI : 10.3917/spub.201.0113. https://www.cairn.info/revue-sante-publique-2020-1-page-113.htm.

Résumé : Madagascar has adopted strategies to fight against maternal malnutrition, but the evaluation of their implementation is not effective. Purpose of research: The present study aims to describe beneficiary appreciation of interventions to fight maternal malnutrition and to identify their expectations. Method: A qualitative study was conducted in the Amoron'i Mania region, Madagascar. The study included mothers of children under 5, pregnant women, and other family members and community members (fathers, grandmothers, matrons and community workers). Six focus groups and 16 individual interviews were conducted to collect the data. The thematic analysis was used. Results: Food supplementation, improved production of agriculture and livestock, and nutrition education, operated by NGOs, are the best-known interventions. The health centers were not mentioned as interveners and their interventions were ignored. The effectiveness of the intervention is generally judged on the benefits perceived by the beneficiaries. Interveners working on a project basis were assessed as unsustainable. Two main problems were mentioned: first, the insufficiency of agricultural production resulting in the inaccessibility of the ingredients required for the nutrition education, and second the low coverage of the interventions. The improvement of agricultural production is the main suggestion mentioned to fight against maternal undernutrition. Conclusions: Beneficiaries thought that existing interventions in the region are insufficient to address the problem of malnutrition among mothers.

Ravit Marion, Ravalihasy Andrainolo, Audibert Martine, Ridde Valéry, Bonnet Emmanuel, Raffalli Bertille, Roy Flore-Apolline, N’Landu Anais et Dumont Alexandre (2020) « The impact of the obstetrical risk insurance scheme in Mauritania on maternal healthcare utilization: a propensity score matching analysis », Health Policy and Planning, 35 (4) (janvier 31). DOI : 10.1093/heapol/czz150. https://academic.oup.com/heapol/advance-article/doi/10.1093/heapol/czz150/5718854.

Résumé : In Mauritania, obstetrical risk insurance (ORI) has been progressively implemented at the health district level since 2002 and was available in 25% of public healthcare facilities in 2015. The ORI scheme is based on pre-payment scheme principles and focuses on increasing the quality of and access to both maternal and perinatal healthcare. Compared with many community-based health insurance schemes, the ORI scheme is original because it is not based on risk pooling. For a pre-payment of 16–18 USD, women are covered during their pregnancy for antenatal care, skilled delivery, emergency obstetrical care [including caesarean section (C-section) and transfer] and a postnatal visit. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of ORI enrolment on maternal and child health services using data from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) conducted in 2015. A total of 4172 women who delivered within the last 2 years before the interview were analysed. The effect of ORI enrolment on the outcomes was estimated using a propensity score matching estimation method. Fifty-eight per cent of the studied women were aware of ORI, and among these women, more than two-thirds were enrolled. ORI had a beneficial effect among the enrolled women by increasing the probability of having at least one prenatal visit by 13%, the probability of having four or more visits by 11% and the probability of giving birth at a healthcare facility by 15%. However, we found no effect on postnatal care (PNC), C-section rates or neonatal mortality. This study provides evidence that a voluntary pre-payment scheme focusing on pregnant women improves healthcare services utilization during pregnancy and delivery. However, no effect was found on PNC or neonatal mortality. Some efforts should be exerted to improve communication and accessibility to ORI. Maternal health, neonatal mortality, pre-payment scheme, universal health coverage, Mauritania, Sub-Saharan Africa Topic: pregnancycesarean sectionhealth care facilityinsurancemauritaniamotherspostnatal careobstetricsprenatal careneonatal mortalityhealth care usemalnutrition-inflammation-cachexia syndrome

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Rey Matthieu et Elvira Laura Ruiz de (2020) « Struggles of Meaning, Frames, and Lexical Grammar in Revolutionary Syria (2011-2012) », Cultures & conflits, 117 (juillet 1), p. 11. DOI : 10.4000/conflits.21372. https://hal.science/hal-04151920.

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Rey Matthieu et Ruiz de Elvira Laura (2020) « Luttes de sens, cadrages et grammaire lexicale en contexte révolutionnaire. Le cas de la Syrie (2011-2012) », Cultures & conflits, 117 (juillet 1), p. 11-33. DOI : 10.4000/conflits.21372. http://journals.openedition.org/conflits/21372.

Résumé : Le combat entre le régime syrien et ses opposants s’est en partie joué sur un plan interprétatif et discursif. Loin d’être anodins, les termes et les expressions employés, ainsi que les cadrages des événements proposés par les différents acteurs de la crise révolutionnaire, sont porteurs de significations sociales et politiques situées. L’objectif de cet article est de les analyser en contextualisant les moments de leur émergence et en évoquant l’imaginaire collectif avec lesquels ils font résonance. Il montre tout d’abord la forte prégnance du local, malgré le travail d’alignement permanent qui cherche à les unifier et les universaliser ; ensuite, leur résonance avec des récits historiques qui facilitent leur diffusion et les inscrivent dans la longue durée ; enfin, leur articulation avec une réalité du terrain changeante. La production langagière des acteurs de la crise participe ainsi à la construction de cette dernière pour en devenir une partie constitutive fondamentale. Mots-clés : luttes de sens, cadrages, grammaire lexicale, crise révolutionnaire, Syrie, 2011-2012 Keywords : giving meaning, framing, lexical grammar, revolutionary crisis, Syria, 2011-2012

Rice Benjamin L., Annapragada Akshaya, Baker Rachel E., Bruijning Marjolein, Dotse-Gborgbortsi Winfred, Mensah Keitly, Miller Ian F., Motaze Nkengafac Villyen, Raherinandrasana Antso, Rajeev Malavika, Rakotonirina Julio, Ramiadantsoa Tanjona, Rasambainarivo Fidisoa, Chen Wei-yu, Grenfell Bryan T., Tatem Andrew J. et Metcalf C. Jessica E. (2020) « High variation expected in the pace and burden of SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks across sub-Saharan Africa », Medrxiv : the Preprint Server For Health Sciences (juillet 29). DOI : 10.1101/2020.07.23.20161208. https://hal.science/hal-04149495.

Résumé : A surprising feature of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic to date is the low burdens reported in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries relative to other global regions. Potential explanations (e.g., warmer environments(1), younger populations(2-4)) have yet to be framed within a comprehensive analysis accounting for factors that may offset the effects of climate and demography. Here, we synthesize factors hypothesized to shape the pace of this pandemic and its burden as it moves across SSA, encompassing demographic, comorbidity, climatic, healthcare and intervention capacity, and human mobility dimensions of risk. We find large scale diversity in probable drivers, such that outcomes are likely to be highly variable among SSA countries. While simulation shows that extensive climatic variation among SSA population centers has little effect on early outbreak trajectories, heterogeneity in connectivity is likely to play a large role in shaping the pace of viral spread. The prolonged, asynchronous outbreaks expected in weakly connected settings may result in extended stress to health systems. In addition, the observed variability in comorbidities and access to care will likely modulate the severity of infection: We show that even small shifts in the infection fatality ratio towards younger ages, which are likely in high risk settings, can eliminate the protective effect of younger populations. We highlight countries with elevated risk of ’slow pace’, high burden outbreaks. Empirical data on the spatial extent of outbreaks within SSA countries, their patterns in severity over age, and the relationship between epidemic pace and health system disruptions are urgently needed to guide efforts to mitigate the high burden scenarios explored here.

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Ridde Valéry, Aho Joséphine, Ndao Elhadji Malick, Benoit Magalie, Hanley Jill, Lagrange Solène, Fillol Amandine, Raynault Marie-France et Cloos Patrick (2020) « Unmet healthcare needs among migrants without medical insurance in Montreal, Canada », Global Public Health (mai 27), p. 1-14. DOI : 10.1080/17441692.2020.1771396. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17441692.2020.1771396.

Résumé : While access to healthcare for permanent residents in Canada is well known, this is not the case for migrants without healthcare coverage. This is the first large-scale study that examines the unmet healthcare needs of migrants without healthcare coverage in Montreal. 806 participants were recruited: 436 in the community and 370 at the NGO clinic. Proportions of individuals reporting unmet healthcare needs were similar (68.4% vs. 69.8%).The main reason invoked for these unmet needs was lacking money (80.6%). Situations of not working or studying, not having had enough food in the past 12 months, not having a medical prescription to get medication and having had a workplace injury were all significantly associated with higher odds of having unmet healthcare needs. Unmet healthcare needs were more frequent among migrants without healthcare coverage than among recent immigrants or the citizens with health healthcare coverage (69%, 26%, 16%). Canada must take measures to enable these individuals to have access to healthcare according to their needs in order to reduce the risk of worsening their health status, something that may have an impact on the healthcare system and population health. The Government of Quebec announced that all individuals without any healthcare coverage will have access to COVID-19 related health care. We hope that this right, the application of which is not yet obvious, can continue after the pandemic for all health care.

Note

Ridde Valéry, Dabiré Solange et Dagenais Christian (2020) « L’utilisation de la recherche par les ONG : un appel à actions et à réflexions », Alternatives Humanitaires, 13 (mars 18), p. 86-101. http://alternatives-humanitaires.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/AH_N13_5_Innovations_Ridde_VFR.pdf.

Résumé : Les auteurs rappellent l’importance de tenir compte des résultats de recherche pour les interventions des ONG et montrent les défis techniques et politiques que cela pose. Ils suggèrent plusieurs démarches favorables à la prise en compte des recherches, tout en expliquant que l’on manque encore de connaissances et d’actions à ce propos. Ainsi, ce texte brosse un portrait succinct de l’état de la question pour suggérer la participation en 2021 à un possible dossier d’Alternatives Humanitaires centré sur le transfert des connaissances par les ONG.

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

Ridde Valéry, Pérez Dennis et Robert Emilie (2020) « Using implementation science theories and frameworks in global health », BMJ Global Health, 5 (4) (avril), p. e002269. DOI : 10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002269. http://gh.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002269.

Résumé : In global health, researchers and decision makers, many of whom have medical, epidemiology or biostatistics background, are increasingly interested in evaluating the implementation of health interventions. Implementation science, particularly for the study of public policies, has existed since at least the 1930s. This science makes compelling use of explicit theories and analytic frameworks that ensure research quality and rigour. Our objective is to inform researchers and decision makers who are not familiar with this research branch about these theories and analytic frameworks. We define four models of causation used in implementation science: intervention theory, frameworks, middle-range theory and grand theory. We then explain how scientists apply these models for three main implementation studies: fidelity assessment, process evaluation and complex evaluation. For each study, we provide concrete examples from research in Cuba and Africa to better understand the implementation of health interventions in global health context. Global health researchers and decision makers with a quantitative background will not become implementation scientists after reading this article. However, we believe they will be more aware of the need for rigorous implementation evaluations of global health interventions, alongside impact evaluations, and in collaboration with social scientists.

Rikap Cecilia (2020) « Amazon: A story of accumulation through intellectual rentiership and predation », Competition & Change (juin 17), p. 102452942093241. DOI : 10.1177/1024529420932418. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1024529420932418.

Résumé : This article elaborates on intellectual monopoly theory as a form of predation and rentiership using Amazon as a case study. By analysing Amazon's financial statements, scientific publications and patents, we show that Amazon's economic power heavily relies on its systematic innovations and capacity to centralize and analyse customized data that orients its business and innovations. We demonstrate how Amazon's innovation activities have evolved over time with growing importance of technologies related to data and machine learning. We also map Amazon's innovation networks with academic institutions and companies. We show how Amazon appropriates intellectual rents from these networks and from technological cooperation with other intellectual monopolies. We argue that Amazon, as other data-driven monopolies, predates value from suppliers and third-party companies participating in its platform. One striking characteristic of Amazon is the low rate of reported profits. The centrality of innovations leads us to suggest an alternative calculation that shows that Amazon's profits are not as low as they appear in Annual Reports. We also argue that lower profits are coherent with Amazon's rentiership and predatory strategy since they contribute to the avoidance of accusations of excessive market power. Finally, the paper offers preliminary observations on: (i) the complementarities between financial and intellectual rentierism and (ii) how data-driven intellectual monopoly expands big corporations' political power. Going beyond the specific case of Amazon, we thus contribute to a better understanding of the role of lead firms and power dynamics within innovation networks.

Rikap Cecilia et Flacher David (2020) « Who collects intellectual rents from knowledge and innovation hubs? questioning the sustainability of the singapore model », Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 55 (décembre), p. 59-73. DOI : 10.1016/j.strueco.2020.06.004. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0954349X20303763.

Résumé : While knowledge and innovation are produced in networks involving diverse actors, associated rents are greatly appropriated by global leaders, mostly coming from core countries, that become intellectual monopolies. This raises the question on emerging or peripheral countries companies' capacity to catch-up, innovate and compete for intellectual rents. The article considers the case of Singapore who has pursued a knowledge hub strategy aimed at: 1) creating world class universities inserted in global knowledge networks of defined fields; and 2) capturing intellectual rents through those institutions' research and contributing to local firms' catching up. We show that research universities caught-up. However, we find that foreign companies, particularly multinationals, capture most of Singapore's intellectual rents at the expense of local companies and research institutions. Overall, our findings point to the limitations of Singapore's knowledge hub as a catching-up strategy. The article ends discussing the relevancy of these findings for emerging countries in general.

Rikap Cecilia et Lundvall Bengt-Åke (2020) « Big tech, knowledge predation and the implications for development », Innovation and Development (décembre 7), p. 1-28. DOI : 10.1080/2157930X.2020.1855825. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/2157930X.2020.1855825.

Résumé : This paper focuses on tech giants as active drivers of a phase of globalization characterized by growth in digital services trade combined with a general shift to intangible assets. By analysing how Google, Amazon and Microsoft organize their innovation activities, we show that they continuously monopolize knowledge while outsourcing innovation steps to other firms and research institutions. The paper compares science and technology collaborations with patent co-ownership suggesting knowledge predation from those other organizations. We also highlight that selected tech giants combine the collection of innovation rents with rents from exclusive access to data. We, therefore, refer to tech giants as data-driven intellectual monopolies, each organizing and controlling a global corporate innovation system (CIS). Intellectual monopolies predate knowledge (including data when they are data-driven) from their CIS that they turn into intangible assets. The paper ends with reflections on the implications for innovation and development.

Robert Emilie, Rajan Dheepa, Koch Kira, Muggleworth Weaver Alyssa, Porignon Denis et Ridde Valery (2020) « Policy dialogue as a collaborative tool for multistakeholder health governance: a scoping study », BMJ Global Health, 4 (Suppl 7) (avril), p. e002161. DOI : 10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002161. http://gh.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002161.

Résumé : Introduction Health system governance is the cornerstone of performant, equitable and sustainable health systems aiming towards universal health coverage. Global health actors have increasingly been using policy dialogue (PD) as a governance tool to engage with both state and non-state stakeholders. Despite attempts to frame PD practices, it remains a catch-all term for both health systems professionals and researchers. Method We conducted a scoping study on PD. We identified 25 articles published in English between 1985 and 2017 and 10 grey literature publications. The analysis was guided by the following questions: (1) How do the authors define PD? (2) What do we learn about PD practices and implementation factors? (3) What are the specificities of PD in low-income and middle-income countries? Results The analysis highlighted three definitions of policy dialogue: a knowledge exchange and translation platform, a mode of governance and an instrument for negotiating international development aid. Success factors include the participants’ continued and sustained engagement throughout all the relevant stages, their ability to make a constructive contribution to the discussions while being truly representative of their organisation and their high interest and stake in the subject. Prerequisites to ensuring that participants remained engaged were a clear process, a shared understanding of the goals at all levels of the PD and a PD approach consistent with the PD objective. In the context of development aid, the main challenges lie in the balance of power between stakeholders, the organisational or technical capacity of recipient country stakeholders to drive or contribute effectively to the PD processes and the increasingly technocratic nature of PD. Conclusion PD requires a high level of collaborative governance expertise and needs constant, although not necessarily high, financial support. These conditions are crucial to make it a real driver of health system reform in countries’ paths towards universal health coverage.

Ruiz de Elvira Laura (2020) « Les associations chrétiennes de Damas.: La fidélité discrète, la “joie” et une “vie qui continue” malgré la guerre », Les Cahiers d’EMAM, 32 (mai 4). DOI : 10.4000/emam.2727. http://journals.openedition.org/emam/2727.

Résumé : À partir de l’étude à distance des pages Facebook et des réseaux sociaux de trois associations chrétiennes de Damas, l’objectif de cet article est de mettre en lumière les réponses et les stratégies qu’une partie des associations syriennes et des communautés chrétiennes du pays ont adopté face à la « crise révolutionnaire » et au conflit. Il fait l’hypothèse que face aux structures et réseaux qui ont choisi la voie de la dissidence [voice] et ont par la suite été fermées ou noyautées par les services de renseignements et le ministère des Affaires sociales et du Travail, ou face à celles qui ont ouvertement soutenu le régime et l’armée régulière dans leur entreprise d’écrasement du mouvement révolutionnaire, les associations chrétiennes ont pour la plupart adopté la voie d’une fidélité discrète et tenté de s’adapter pour continuer à vivre « comme si de rien n’était », dans la « joie » et l’« amour ». This paper seeks to study the responses and the strategies that some of the Syrian associations and Christian communities have adopted since 2011 in order to face the “revolutionary crisis” and the conflict. In order to do so, it explores the Facebook accounts and the social networks of three Christian associations working in Damascus. It shows that contrary to the structures and networks that have chosen voice over silence and have therefore been closed or infiltrated by the intelligence services and the Ministry of Social Affairs and Labour, and contrary to those who have openly supported the regime in its attempts to crush the revolutionary movement, most of the Christian associations have adopted a discreet form of loyalty and tried to adapt themselves in order to go on as if nothing happened, with joy and love.

Samb Oumar Mallé, Essombe Christiane et Ridde Valery (2020) « Meeting the challenges posed by per diem in development projects in southern countries: a scoping review », Globalization and Health, 16 (1). DOI : 10.1186/s12992-020-00571-6. https://globalizationandhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12992-020-00571-6.

Résumé : This study presents the results of a review whose goal is to generate knowledge on the possible levers of action concerning per diem practices in southern countries in order to propose reforms to the existing schemes. Methodology A synthesis of available knowledge was performed using scoping review methodology: a literature search was conducted using several databases (Medline, Cinahl, Embase, PubMed, Google Scholar, ProQuest) and grey literature. A total of 26 documents were included in the review. Furthermore, interviews were conducted with the authors of the selected articles to determine whether the proposed recommendations had been implemented and to identify any outcomes. Results For the most part, the results of this review are recommendations supporting per diem reform. In terms of strategy, the recommendations call for a redefinition of per diems by limiting their appeal. Issued recommendations include reducing daily allowance rates, paying per diem only in exchange for actual work, increasing control mechanisms or harmonizing rates across organizations. In terms of operations, the recommendations call for the implementation of concrete actions to reduce instances of abuse, including not paying advances or introducing reasonable flat-rate per diem. That said, the authors contacted stated that few per diem reforms had been implemented as a result of the issued recommendations. Conclusion The results of the study clearly identify possible levers of action. Such levers could make up the groundwork for further reflection on context and country-specific reforms that are carried out using a dynamic, participatory and consensual approach.

Schantz Clémence (2020) « Accouchement normal : accompagnement de la physiologie et interventions médicales. Recommandations de la Haute Autorité de Santé (HAS) avec la collaboration du Collège National des Gynécologues Obstétriciens Français (CNGOF) et du Collège National des Sages-Femmes de France (CNSF) – Accueil, suivi et prise en charge non médicamenteuse de la douleur de la femme pendant le travail », Gynécologie Obstétrique Fertilité & Sénologie, 48 (12) (décembre), p. 883-890. DOI : 10.1016/j.gofs.2020.09.014. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2468718920302713.

Schantz Clémence (2020) « Modeler son sexe au Cambodge pour garder son mari à la maison », Droits et Culture, 79 (1), p. 185-205. DOI : 10.4000/droitcultures.6241. http://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/6241.

Résumé : La technique biomédicale de la périnéorraphie au Cambodge se pratique chez des femmes jeunes et en bonne santé afin de resserrer leur vagin et augmenter leur capital érotique en cherchant à accroître le plaisir sexuel masculin. Cet article décrit la pratique et sa particularité au Cambodge, et montre que cette technique est détournée de son objectif médical afin de répondre à une demande sociale. À travers une observation participante de onze mois dans des maternités de Phnom Penh et l’analyse des discours collectés entre 2013 et 2016 au Cambodge, il apparaît que cette pratique mutilante émerge dans un contexte de mutation du modèle conjugal et familial où les femmes souhaitent limiter le recours de leur mari à la prostitution.

Schantz Clémence, Aboubakar Moufalilou, Traoré Abou Bakary, Ravit Marion, de Loenzien Myriam et Dumont Alexandre (2020) « Caesarean section in Benin and Mali: increased recourse to technology due to suffering and under-resourced facilities », Reproductive Biomedicine & Society Online, 10 (juin), p. 10-18. DOI : 10.1016/j.rbms.2019.12.001. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2405661820300010.

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Schantz Clemence, Lhotte Marie et Pantelias Anne-Charlotte (2020) « Moving beyond the ethical tension of caesarean section on maternal request », Sante Publique, 32 (5-6) (septembre), p. 497-505.

Résumé : Introduction: In a legal context focused on the right and autonomy of the patient, some women wish to be able to choose their mode of childbirth. As midwives are primary care-givers for pregnant women with a physiological pregnancy, we wanted to find out whether it was ethically acceptable for them to accompany a woman in her decision to have a caesarean section. Purpose of research: This survey is an ancillary study of the CESARIA research program validated by the Comite de Protection des Personnes Sud Mediterranee IV and declared to the CNIL. Thirty-seven semi-directive interviews were conducted with midwives and women. Results: The majority of women and midwives share a vision of childbirth as "natural" and consider the request for caesarean section as a pathology. When formulated, this request places midwives in a situation of ethical tension. On the one hand, midwives wish to refer women to vaginal birth as the norm, and this choice embodies the ethical principles of beneficence and non-maleficence. On the other hand, midwives express a desire to respect patient choice and freedom, illustrating the ethical principle of respect for autonomy. Conclusions: The ethical issue of caesarean section on demand lies not so much in the decision to accept or not to accept a caesarean section but rather in listening to the request. Taking into consideration a medical indication more broadly than the simple obstetrical indication makes it possible to ethically support these requests while respecting the pregnant woman's autonomy.

Mots-clés : ⛔ No DOI found.

Seppey Mathieu, Ridde Valéry et Somé Paul-André (2020) « Scaling-Up Performance-Based Financing in Burkina Faso: From PBF to User Fees Exemption Strategic Purchasing », Int J Health Policy Manag, p. 1-13. DOI : 10.34172/ijhpm.2020.209.

Sha Sohan et Quet Mathieu (2020) « From Expression to Expulsion: Digital Public Spaces as Theatres of Operations in Nepal », Science, Technology and Society (avril 22), p. 097172182091289. DOI : 10.1177/0971721820912896. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0971721820912896.

Résumé : On 2 May 2016, Robert Penner, Canadian national residing in Nepal with a working visa, was arrested and then deported to Canada and his visa being cancelled. Based upon an analysis of the documentation related to his arrest and expulsion, this article analyses the articulation of different operations of control. A chain of public interventions and governmental actions makes the substance of the management of digital expression in Nepal and this has to be analysed with tools from media studies and science and technology studies. We present different operative regimes: Twitter accounts and discussions, police action and arrests, and court petitions. We analyse how operational levels are connected and how their interconnections lead to the criminalisation of one individual, most notably through the reformulations of the accusations by different groups of people via different devices. This in turn shows how specific technical interventions determine the control of the public space. These analyses then add to the debate upon the 'digital public sphere' by offering a critique of its spatial metaphor from a view focused on its performative stakes-public spaces not as sites of discussion, but as theatres of operations.

Sia D., Dondbzanga B.D.G., Carabali M., Bonnet Emmanuel, Enok Bonong P.R. et Ridde Valery (2020) « Effect of a free healthcare policy on health services utilization for non‐malarial febrile illness by children under five years in Burkina Faso: an interrupted time series analysis », Tropical Medicine & International Health (juillet 19), p. tmi.13468. DOI : 10.1111/tmi.13468. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/tmi.13468.

Résumé : Objective To assess the effect of a free healthcare policy for children under five years old implemented in Burkina Faso since April 2016, on the use of healthcare of non‐malarial febrile illnesses (NMFI). Methods To assess the immediate and long‐term effect of the free healthcare policy in place, we conducted an interrupted time series analysis of routinely collected data on febrile illnesses from three urban primary health centers of Ouagadougou between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2016. Results Of the 39,046 febrile cases reported in the study period, 17,017 NMFI were included in the study. Compared to the period before the intervention, we observed an immediate, non‐statistically significant increase of 7% in the number of NMFI (IRR=1.07; 95% CI= 0.75, 1.51). Compared to the trend that would have been expected in absence of the intervention, the results showed a small but sustained increase of 6% in the trend of monthly number of NMFI during the intervention period (IRR= 1.06; 95%CI= 1.01, 1.12). Conclusion Our study highlighted an increase in the uptake of health care services, specifically for NMFI by children under five years of age, after the implementation of a free care policy. This analysis contributes to informing decision‐makers on the need to strengthen the capacities of health care centers and to anticipate the challenges of the sustainability of this policy.

Sieleunou Isidore, De Allegri Manuela, Roland Enok Bonong Pascal, Ouédraogo Samiratou et Ridde Valéry (2020) « Does performance-based financing curb stock-outs of essential medicines? Results from a randomised controlled trial in Cameroon », Tropical Medicine & International Health (mai 23). DOI : 10.1111/tmi.13447. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/tmi.13447.

Résumé : Objectif En 2011, le gouvernement du Cameroun a lancé son programme de financement basé sur la performance (FBP). Notre étude a examiné les effets de l'intervention PBF sur la disponibilité des médicaments essentiels (EM). Les méthodes Essai de contrôle randomisé par lequel le PBF et trois groupes de comparaison distincts ont été randomisés dans un total de 205 établissements de santé dans trois régions. Les données de base ont été collectées entre mars et mai 2012 et les données finales 36 mois plus tard. Nous avons défini la disponibilité de plusieurs groupes EM en évaluant les ruptures de stock pendant au moins un jour au cours des 30 jours précédant la date de l'enquête et en estimant les changements attribuables au FBP à l'aide d'une série de modèles de régression de différence en différence, ajustés pour le niveau de l'établissement concerné co-varie. Les données ont été analysées stratifiées par région et zone pour évaluer l'hétérogénéité de l'effet. Résultats Nos estimations suggèrent que l'intervention PBF n'a eu aucun effet sur les ruptures de stock de médicaments de soins prénatals (p = 0,160), les vaccins (p = 0,396), la gestion intégrée des médicaments contre les maladies infantiles (p = 0,681) et les médicaments du travail et d'accouchement (p = 0,589). Cependant, l'intervention a été associée à une réduction significative de 34% des ruptures de stock de médicaments de planification familiale (p = 0,028). Nous avons observé une hétérogénéité des effets entre les régions et les zones, avec des diminutions significatives des ruptures de stock de produits de planification familiale dans la région du Nord-Ouest (p = 0,065) et dans les zones rurales (p = 0,043). Conclusions L'intervention du PBF au Cameroun a eu des effets limités sur la réduction des ruptures de stock des EM. Ces mauvais résultats étaient probablement la conséquence d'un échec partiel de la mise en œuvre, allant de l'interruption et de l'arrêt des services à l'autonomie limitée des installations dans la gestion de la prise de décision et au retard considérable dans le paiement de la performance.

Sombié Issa, Degroote Stéphanie, Somé Paul André et Ridde Valéry (2020) « Analysis of the implementation of a community-based intervention to control dengue fever in Burkina Faso », Implementation Science, 15 (1) (mai 14), p. 32. DOI : 10.1186/s13012-020-00989-x. https://implementationscience.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13012-020-00989-x.

Résumé : Background A community-based dengue fever intervention was implemented in Burkina Faso in 2017. The results achieved vary from one area to another. The objective of this article is to analyze the implementation of this intervention, to better understand the process, and to explain the contextual elements of performance variations in implementation. Methodology The research was conducted in the former sector 22 of the city of Ouagadougou. We adapted the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) to take into account the realities of the context and the intervention. The data collected from the participants directly involved in the implementation using three techniques: document consultation, individual interview, and focus group. Results Two dimensions of CFIR emerge from the results as having had a positive influence on the implementation: (i) the characteristics of the intervention and (ii) the processes of the intervention implementation. The majority of the CFIR constructions were considered to have had a positive effect on implementation. The quality and strength of the evidence received the highest score. The dimension of the external context had a negative influence on the implementation of the intervention. Conclusion The objective of the study was to analyze the influence of contextual elements on the implementation process of a community-based dengue fever intervention. We used the CFIR framework already used by many studies for implementation analysis. Although it was not possible to test this framework in its entirety, it is useful for the analysis of the implementation. Its use is simple and does not require any special skills from users. Usability is indeed an essential criterion for the relevance of using an analytical framework in implementation science.

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